{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:44:49Z","timestamp":1777506289276,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61671026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing","award":["7162112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7162112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Short T2 tissues can be directly visualized by dual-echo ultrashort echo time imaging with weighted subtraction. As a type of post-processing method, exponential subtraction of ultrashort echo time images with an optimal exponential factor is expected to provide improved positive short T2 contrast.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test the feasibility and effectiveness of exponential subtraction in three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging and to determine the optimal exponential factor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A dual-echo three-dimensional ultrashort echo time sequence was implemented on a 3-T MRI system. Exponential subtraction was performed on dual three-dimensional ultrashort echo time images of the tibia of seven healthy volunteers with exponential factors in the range of 1.00\u20133.00 in increments of 0.01. The regions of interest, including cortical bone, marrow, and muscle, were depicted on subtracted images of different exponential factors. Contrast-to-noise ratio values were calculated from these regions of interest and then used to assess the optimal exponential factor. To determine intra-observer agreement regarding region of interest selection, paired intra-observer measurements of regions of interest in all direct subtraction images were conducted with a one-week interval and the paired measurements were assessed using Bland\u2013Altman analysis and paired-samples t-test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cortical bone can be better visualized by using exponential subtraction in three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging; the suggested optimal exponential factor is 1.99\u20132.03 in the tibia. Paired measurements showed excellent intra-observer agreement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is feasible to visualize cortical bone of the tibia using exponential subtraction in three-dimensional ultrashort echo time imaging. Compared with weighted subtraction images, exponential subtraction images with an optimal exponential factor provide enhanced visualization of short T2 tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185119877797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T01:14:37Z","timestamp":1569892477000},"page":"760-767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exponential subtraction in 3D ultrashort echo time imaging to visualize short T2 tissues in tibia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2297-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Medical Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, PR China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, School of basic medical sciences, Peking University, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaotong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Medical Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Medical Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Song","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Institute of Medical Humanities, Peking University, Beijing, PR China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.2003.1157"},{"key":"bibr2-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du J, Ma G, Li S, et al. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging of the short T2 components in white matter of the brain using a clinical 3T scanner. NeuroImage 2014;87:32-41.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.053"},{"key":"bibr3-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li S, Zhang YB, Wu H, et al. Research progress on magnetic resonance with ultrashort echo time sequence. Chin J Med Phys 2019;36:61-65.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjph.2019.03.017"},{"key":"bibr4-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200311000-00001"},{"key":"bibr5-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2004.08.018"},{"key":"bibr6-0284185119877797","first-page":"378","volume":"13","author":"Chen N","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Interv Imaging Ther"},{"key":"bibr7-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23267"},{"key":"bibr8-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20926"},{"key":"bibr9-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21341"},{"key":"bibr10-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22257"},{"key":"bibr11-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2010.09.013"},{"key":"bibr12-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26160"},{"key":"bibr13-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26908"},{"key":"bibr14-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27057"},{"key":"bibr15-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20344"},{"key":"bibr16-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20868"},{"key":"bibr17-0284185119877797","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Jiang D, Qun H, et\u00a0al. Dual Echo UTE Imaging with Rescaled Subtraction (dUTE-RS): scaling factor optimization study. Poster presented at: ISMRM 23rd annual meeting and exhibition; 2015 May 30\u2013June 5; Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"bibr18-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1179"},{"key":"bibr19-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21620"},{"key":"bibr20-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185113496994"},{"key":"bibr21-0284185119877797","unstructured":"Du J, Chung CB, Bydder GM. Ultrashort TE Imaging with Rescaled Digital Subtraction (UTE RDS). Poster presented at: 17th annual ISMRM scientific meeting and exhibition; 2009 April 18\u201324; Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"bibr22-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2010.11.003"},{"key":"bibr23-0284185119877797","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao S, Du J, Gao S. Review of the ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging of cortical bone. 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