{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1783137246747,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of imaging in autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) remains unclear, and there are limited data on the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose, treat, or prognosticate AIE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether MRI is a diagnostic and prognostic marker for AIE and assess its efficacy in distinguishing between various AIE subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 96 AIE patients from our prospective autoimmune registry. MRI sequences examined were FLAIR, diffusion, SWI, T2WI, ASL, and contrast enhancement. Short-term outcomes were measured using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at discharge; long-term outcomes were assessed with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) at 6 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MRI confirmed AIE in cases of new-onset seizures (82.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and dementia (100%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02). Antibody-negative AIE exhibited significant multifocal FLAIR abnormalities compared to antibody-positive cases (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002). LGI1 and CASPR2 encephalitis frequently involved the mesial temporal region (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004), while ASL revealed hyperperfusion of the contralateral basal ganglia in faciobrachial dystonic seizures (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). GAD65 encephalitis predominantly affected the cerebellum (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and NMDA encephalitis showed contrast enhancement in five cases (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045). MRI was not useful for predicting short-term outcomes but was associated with long-term outcomes; specifically, a normal MRI was linked to a better long-term outcome in 47.8% of patients (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035), and resolution of abnormalities correlated with a favorable FIM score (&gt;54) in 76.7% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MRI is valuable for early detection of seizures or dementia as initial manifestations of AIE and for differentiating AIE subtypes. Follow-up MRI is significant in predicting long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851241307330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T04:36:16Z","timestamp":1736224576000},"page":"295-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic utility of magnetic resonance imaging in autoimmune encephalitis: prognostic implications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Poornima","family":"Narayanan Nambiar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9128-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KY","family":"Manisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayakumari","family":"Nandana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramshekhar N","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S","family":"Vinayagamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Sciences and Intervention Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bejoy","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Imaging Sciences and Intervention Radiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashalatha","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R Madhavan Nayar Center for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2016.12.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/367841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14581\/jer.16010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","article-title":"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium","author":"Venkatesan A","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. 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