{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:36:10Z","timestamp":1777509370841,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography (CT) scans account for 60% of the total radiation dose in medical imaging. Literature has shown that patient dose varies across CT scanners, diagnostic protocols, and technical parameters at each site, suggesting an opportunity for starting an optimization process through establishing diagnostic reference levels (DRLs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To establish local DRLs (LDRLs) for six Norwegian private diagnostic institutes for frequently performed CT protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dose data from 900 patients were collected from six diagnostic facilities. Data were recorded from non-contrast CT scans of the head and contrast-enhanced scans of the thorax and abdomen and pelvis from average-sized adult patients. An ANOVA test was performed to determine the variation in dose between scanners. LDRLs were determined by the 75th percentile of median values from dose indicators of CT scanners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The difference between the means of the dose distribution from each scanner was statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090,05) for all examinations. The LDRLs determined were lower, for both national and international DRLs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observed dose variations from the scanners indicate a need for protocol optimization for some institutes, while the LDRLs demonstrate a potential for establishing newer national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/02841851251330242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T14:35:55Z","timestamp":1744727755000},"page":"843-852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A survey of diagnostic reference levels for head, chest, and abdomen and pelvis CT in private diagnostic facilities in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1397-2597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida Gravdahl","family":"Helgesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unilabs Norway, Drammen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercy Afadzi","family":"Tetteh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Akershus University Hospital, L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safora","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health faculty, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Dose-image quality assessment for optimization of adult chest computed tomography examinations: a phantom study","author":"Ninsiima L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ninsiima L, Boadu M, Inkoom S, et al. Dose-image quality assessment for optimization of adult chest computed tomography examinations: a phantom study. Uganda\/Ghana: ICRP, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146645317717209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncab136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/15839549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-200110000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.2.1760303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.178.3.1780721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.285075075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aa9cfd"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/ab826f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"6","article-title":"Use of water equivalent diameter for calculating patient size and size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in CT: the report of AAPM task group 220","volume":"2014","author":"McCollough C","year":"2014","unstructured":"McCollough C, Bakalyar DM, Bostani M, et al. Use of water equivalent diameter for calculating patient size and size-specific dose estimates (SSDE) in CT: the report of AAPM task group 220. AAPM Rep 2014;2014:6\u201323.","journal-title":"AAPM Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/aaa32c"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6498\/abfff6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.15142160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonkopi E Wikan EJ Hovland TO et al. A survey of local diagnostic reference levels for the head thorax abdomen and pelvis computed tomography in Norway and Canada. Acta Radiol Open 2022;11(10).","DOI":"10.1177\/20584601221131477"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Directorate For Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety. Representative doser i Norge - 2017. Str\u00e5levernsrapport 2018:3. Published 22 Febuary 2018. Available at: https:\/\/dsa.no\/publikasjoner\/stralevernrapport-3-2018-representative-doser-i-norge-2017\/StralevernRapport_2017-3_Representative%20doser%202017.pdf (accessed 21 January 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Health Canada. Canadian computed tomography survey: national diagnostic reference levels. Published 14 June 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/publications\/health-risks-safety\/canadian-computed-tomography-survey-national-diagnostic-reference-levels.html (accessed 21 January 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Public Health England. National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs) from 19 August 2019. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/diagnostic-radiology-national-diagnostic-reference-levels-ndrls\/ndrl. (accessed 21 January 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Current Australian national diagnostic reference levels for multi detector computed tomography from March 2021. Available at: https:\/\/www.arpansa.gov.au\/research-and-expertise\/surveys\/national-diagnostic-reference-level-service\/current-australian-drls\/mdct (accessed 21 January 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","volume-title":"Analyse des don\u0144ees relatives `a la mise `a jour des niveaux de \u0155ef\u00b4erence diagnostiques en radiologie et en m\u00b4edecine nuc\u013aeaire. year","author":"IRSN","year":"2020","unstructured":"IRSN. Analyse des don\u0144ees relatives `a la mise `a jour des niveaux de \u0155ef\u00b4erence diagnostiques en radiologie et en m\u00b4edecine nuc\u013aeaire. year. 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