{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:32:51Z","timestamp":1777728771731,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]],"date-time":"2016-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the effects of vaginal and caesarean delivery on internal and external anal sphincter muscle thickness using translabial ultrasonography (TL-US).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This prospective cohort study enrolled nulliparous women who either had vaginal or caesarean deliveries. The thickness of the hypoechoic internal anal sphincter (IAS) and hyperechoic external anal sphincter (EAS) at the 12, 3, 6, and 9 o\u2019clock positions at the distal level were measured before delivery and within 24\u201348\u2009h after delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total 105 consecutive women were enrolled in the study: 60 in the vaginal delivery group and 45 in the caesarean delivery group. The IAS muscle thickness at the 12 o\u2019clock position in the vaginal delivery group was significantly thicker before compared with after delivery (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 2.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.74\u2009mm versus 1.81\u2009\u00b1\u20090.64\u2009mm, respectively). The EAS muscle thickness at the 12 o\u2019clock position in the vaginal delivery group was significantly thicker before compared with after delivery (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 2.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.64\u2009mm versus 1.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was significant muscle thinning of both the IAS and EAS at the 12 o\u2019clock position after vaginal delivery, but not after caesarean delivery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516653066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T02:55:16Z","timestamp":1467168916000},"page":"824-831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The immediate effect of vaginal and caesarean delivery on anal sphincter measurements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Deniz","family":"Karcaaltincaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Erkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Etlik Z\u00fcbeyde Hanim Women\u2019s Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatice","family":"Isik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Haberal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300060516653066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.07.018"},{"key":"bibr2-0300060516653066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04283.x"},{"key":"bibr3-0300060516653066","first-page":"678","volume":"108","author":"MacArthur 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