{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:59:33Z","timestamp":1788170373521,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475107200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the effects of saddle, lumbar epidural and caudal blocks on anal sphincter tone using anorectal manometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients undergoing elective anorectal surgery with regional anaesthesia were divided randomly into three groups and received a saddle (SD), lumbar epidural (LE), or caudal (CD) block. Anorectal manometry was performed before and 30\u2009min after each regional block. The degree of motor blockade of the anal sphincter was compared using the maximal resting pressure (MRP) and the maximal squeezing pressure (MSP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study analysis population consisted of 49 patients (SD group, n\u2009=\u200918; LE group, n\u2009=\u200916; CD group, n\u2009=\u200915). No significant differences were observed in the percentage inhibition of the MRP among the three regional anaesthetic groups. However, percentage inhibition of the MSP was significantly greater in the SD group (83.6\u2009\u00b1\u200913.7%) compared with the LE group (58.4\u2009\u00b1\u200919.8%) and the CD group (47.8\u2009\u00b1\u200916.9%). In all groups, MSP was reduced significantly more than MRP after each regional block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saddle block was more effective than lumbar epidural or caudal block for depressing anal sphincter tone. No differences were detected between lumbar epidural and caudal blocks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516659393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]],"date-time":"2016-09-29T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1475184576000},"page":"1061-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparison of saddle, lumbar epidural and caudal blocks on anal sphincter tone: A prospective, randomized study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Yoon-Jung","family":"Shon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Sik","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Kil","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryeong-Ah","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duk-Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200011000-00015"},{"key":"bibr2-0300060516659393","volume-title":"Concise anatomy for anaesthesia","author":"Erdman AG","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr3-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199709000-00022"},{"key":"bibr4-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.08.017"},{"key":"bibr5-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200205000-00019"},{"key":"bibr6-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01524-6.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199311000-00008"},{"key":"bibr8-0300060516659393","volume-title":"Epidural analgesia","author":"Bromage PR","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr9-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5145-0_23"},{"key":"bibr10-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199607000-00006"},{"key":"bibr11-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg045"},{"key":"bibr12-0300060516659393","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists\u00ae. ASA PHYSICAL STATUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. Last approved by the ASA House of Delegates on October 15, 2014, https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/resources\/clinical-information\/asa-physical-status-classification-system (2014, assessed 12 September 2016)."},{"key":"bibr13-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02554551"},{"key":"bibr14-0300060516659393","first-page":"279","volume":"151","author":"Sainio P","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Chir Scand"},{"key":"bibr15-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2011.029"},{"key":"bibr16-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00499.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0300060516659393","unstructured":"Karoui S, Boubaker J and Filali A. Technical aspects and indications of anorectal manometry.\n                      Tunis Med\n                      2005; 83: 315\u2013319 [Article in French, English abstract]."},{"key":"bibr18-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb05318.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0300060516659393","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus","author":"Nivatvongs S","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr20-0300060516659393","unstructured":"Waldman SD.\n                      Pain review\n                      . 2nd ed, Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009."},{"key":"bibr21-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199504000-00009"},{"key":"bibr22-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198001000-00014"},{"key":"bibr23-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.11.879"},{"key":"bibr24-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199907010-00016"},{"key":"bibr25-0300060516659393","first-page":"323","volume-title":"Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain","author":"Willis R","year":"1998","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr26-0300060516659393","first-page":"CD003765","volume":"2","author":"Ng K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr27-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198608000-00002"},{"key":"bibr28-0300060516659393","volume-title":"Non-parametric methods for quantitative analysis","author":"Gibbons JD","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr29-0300060516659393","unstructured":"Greene NM, Brull SJ. Physiology of spinal anesthesia, 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1993, pp. 21\u201340."},{"key":"bibr30-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-195801000-00008"},{"key":"bibr31-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199006000-00015"},{"key":"bibr32-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00620.x"},{"key":"bibr33-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/75.9.921"},{"key":"bibr34-0300060516659393","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000155960.61157.12"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300060516659393","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0300060516659393","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300060516659393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:53:06Z","timestamp":1777459986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0300060516659393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0300060516659393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060516659393","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,29]]}}}