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Refractory ascites is intractable and occurs in 5%\u201310% of all patients with ascites due to cirrhosis. Refractory ascites leads to a poor quality of life and high mortality rate. Ascites develops as a result of portal hypertension, which leads to water\u2013sodium retention and renal failure. Various therapeutic measures can be used for refractory ascites, including large-volume paracentesis, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, vasoconstrictive drugs, and an automated low-flow ascites pump system. However, ascites generally can be resolved only by liver transplantation. Because not all patients can undergo liver transplantation, traditional approaches are still used to treat refractory ascites. 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