{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:03:54Z","timestamp":1787501034930,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Black hairy tongue (BHT) is characterized by a discolored, hairy tongue. We herein report two cases of BHT associated with antibacterial agents and review previous cases. In Case 1, a 17-year-old girl with a central neurocytoma was administered intravenous piperacillin\u2013tazobactam for postoperative infection, and BHT developed 12 days later. Her symptoms resolved 8 days after she discontinued the piperacillin\u2013tazobactam and brushed her tongue three times daily. In Case 2, a 65-year-old man was administered intravenous piperacillin\u2013tazobactam and levofloxacin to treat multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and BHT developed 15 days later. The piperacillin\u2013tazobactam was discontinued and the patient brushed his tongue, and the discoloration gradually subsided thereafter. However, the BHT reappeared after linezolid treatment. The patient had adverse drug reactions to both the piperacillin\u2013tazobactam and linezolid treatments. The BHT might have been related to antibiotic use in both cases. We identified 19 cases of antibiotic-related BHT in a literature search, but none were related to piperacillin\u2013tazobactam use. In all cases, symptoms resolved after discontinuation of the drug and brushing of the tongue. BHT may be a rare adverse effect of antibiotics. Treatment strategies include removal of the causative agents, mechanical debridement, and good oral hygiene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520961279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,12]],"date-time":"2020-10-12T12:40:10Z","timestamp":1602506410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Antibiotic-induced black hairy tongue: two case reports and a review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, 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