{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:36:02Z","timestamp":1787927762600,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To construct deep learning (DL) models to improve the accuracy and efficiency of thyroid disease diagnosis by thyroid scintigraphy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We constructed DL models with AlexNet, VGGNet, and ResNet. The models were trained separately with transfer learning. We measured each model\u2019s performance with six indicators: recall, precision, negative predictive value (NPV), specificity, accuracy, and F1-score. We also compared the diagnostic performances of first- and third-year nuclear medicine (NM) residents with assistance from the best-performing DL-based model. The Kappa coefficient and average classification time of each model were compared with those of two NM residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The recall, precision, NPV, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score of the three models ranged from 73.33% to 97.00%. The Kappa coefficient of all three models was &gt;0.710. All models performed better than the first-year NM resident but not as well as the third-year NM resident in terms of diagnostic ability. However, the ResNet model provided \u201cdiagnostic assistance\u201d to the NM residents. The models provided results at speeds 400 to 600 times faster than the NM residents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DL-based models perform well in diagnostic assessment by thyroid scintigraphy. These models may serve as tools for NM residents in the diagnosis of Graves\u2019 disease and subacute thyroiditis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520982842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]],"date-time":"2021-01-14T22:51:37Z","timestamp":1610664697000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Deep learning for intelligent diagnosis in thyroid scintigraphy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Imaging, the Chongming Branch of Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3370-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People\u2019s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0613"},{"key":"bibr2-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14130"},{"key":"bibr3-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0441"},{"key":"bibr4-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13300.OR"},{"key":"bibr5-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802002000200004"},{"key":"bibr6-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.12.024"},{"key":"bibr7-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2020.01.012"},{"key":"bibr8-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2019181343"},{"key":"bibr9-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2004.14.1065"},{"key":"bibr10-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06652-4"},{"key":"bibr11-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/57\/1\/93"},{"key":"bibr12-0300060520982842","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6212759"},{"key":"bibr13-0300060520982842","first-page":"3320","volume":"27","author":"Yosinski J","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"bibr14-0300060520982842","first-page":"2642","volume":"70","author":"Odena A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"bibr15-0300060520982842","unstructured":"Karras T, Aila T, Laine S, et\u00a0al. 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