{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:06:22Z","timestamp":1787018782889,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report the disease characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of granulomatous orchitis. A 38-year-old man presented with a history of intermittent swelling, pain, and discomfort in the right testicle of 3 days\u2019 duration. Unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the testis and scrotum revealed an oval mass in the right testis measuring approximately 17 mm in diameter, with clear borders and a target ring-like appearance from periphery to center. T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) showed uniform low-intensity signals, and T2WI showed mixed high- and low-intensity signals. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) signals were iso-intense, and the outer ring on enhanced scans showed progressive enhancement. We performed radical resection of the right testis under combined spinal\u2013epidural anesthesia. The pathological diagnosis was granulomatous right orchitis. Two months postoperatively, ultrasonography showed no testis and epididymal echo signals in the right scrotum, and no obvious abnormalities; color Doppler blood flow imaging (CDFI) findings were normal. Granulomatous orchitis is rare in clinical practice, and the cause is unknown. The disease involves non-specific inflammation; however, it is currently believed that antibiotics and steroids are ineffective for conservative treatment, and orchiectomy should be actively performed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211003773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T16:02:55Z","timestamp":1622304175000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Granulomatous orchitis: case report and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1372-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 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