{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T22:07:50Z","timestamp":1781129270018,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually occurs secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) through the blood circulation, lymph circulation, or direct spreading from abdominal TB. FGTB is an uncommon type of TB that can destroy genital organs, and lead to menstrual disorders and infertility. The diagnosis of FGTB is often made by detection of acid-fast bacilli under microscopy, culture with endometrial biopsy, or histopathological examination of epithelioid granuloma on a biopsy. A multidrug anti-TB regimen is the major management of FGTB, including rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, while surgery is proposed in more deteriorated cases. However, the conception rate in infertile women with FGTB is still low, even after multidrug anti-TB therapy. Additionally, the risk of complications, such as ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, remains high. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of FGTB, present current epidemiological data, and focus on its early diagnosis and effective management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211014999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T09:12:44Z","timestamp":1620897164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Emerging progress on diagnosis and treatment of female genital tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Reproductive Medicine Center, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8450-6719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jingzhou Chest Hospital, Jingzhou, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605211014999","volume-title":"WHO global tuberculosis report 2018","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.55461"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605211014999","first-page":"749","volume":"13","author":"Eftekhar M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Bio Med"},{"key":"bibr4-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.90082"},{"key":"bibr5-03000605211014999","first-page":"S71","volume":"148","author":"Sharma JB","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr6-03000605211014999","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Prog obstet gynaecol","volume":"18","author":"Sharma JB.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr7-03000605211014999","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Tuberculosis","author":"Kumar S","year":"2015","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr8-03000605211014999","first-page":"425","volume":"145","author":"Grace GA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"bibr9-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-197603000-00016"},{"key":"bibr10-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-007-0419-0"},{"key":"bibr11-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.192050"},{"key":"bibr12-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21082"},{"key":"bibr13-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.42618"},{"key":"bibr14-03000605211014999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2012.04.art1"},{"key":"bibr15-03000605211014999","unstructured":"Jha SK, Budh DP. 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