{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:01:36Z","timestamp":1791576096656,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013822","name":"Kurdistan University Of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MUK.98724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MUK.98724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the relationship between temperament and character traits in Cloninger\u2019s psychobiological theory and mental disorders. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted of five international databases for all articles published in English between January 1990 and April 2019 (PROSPERO-CRD42019133214). Owing to heterogeneity, pooled estimates of correlations for personality disorders and standardized mean differences for case\u2013control studies related to other mental disorders were calculated using the random-effects method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled effect sizes obtained from 149 studies showed that high harm avoidance (related to 22\/24 diagnostic categories), low self-directedness (21\/23), low cooperativeness (17\/23), high self-transcendence (14\/23), low reward dependence (11\/24), high novelty-seeking (10\/24), low novelty-seeking (7\/24), high persistence (2\/23), low persistence (2\/23) and high reward dependence (2\/24) were related to psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All traits provided unique psychobiological tools for differential diagnosis of mental disorders. However, high harm avoidance and low self-directedness played a canonical role in psychopathology. Despite the study limitations, additional studies are warranted to evaluate the differential diagnoses suggested by the present model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211070766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T08:26:06Z","timestamp":1641543966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Comprehensive meta-analysis of associations between temperament and character traits in Cloninger\u2019s psychobiological theory and mental disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0198-3710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeid","family":"Komasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran"},{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzin","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azad","family":"Hemmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Amianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Psychiatry Section, Regional Pilot Centre for Eating Disorders, University of Torino, Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/amhs.amhs_63_18"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08995605.2019.1652478"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605211070766","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Theoretical and experimental bases of the behavioral therapies","author":"Gray JA.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr4-03000605211070766","first-page":"167","volume":"4","author":"Cloninger CR.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatr Dev"},{"key":"bibr5-03000605211070766","volume-title":"The temperament and character inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use","author":"Cloninger CR","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr6-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717620928813"},{"key":"bibr7-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0621-4"},{"key":"bibr8-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01951"},{"key":"bibr9-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"bibr10-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008"},{"key":"bibr11-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(96)00024-6"},{"key":"bibr12-03000605211070766","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2008.00533.x"},{"key":"bibr13-03000605211070766","unstructured":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: fifth edition\n                      . 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