{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:55:09Z","timestamp":1784649309272,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the role of objective olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) testing among patients with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who presented with respiratory symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective, blinded, observational study was conducted in the emergency units of two tertiary hospitals. Participants were asked to identify scents in the pocket smell test (PST) and flavors in four different solutions in the gustatory dysfunction test (GDT). We assessed the level of agreement between objective findings and self-reported symptoms. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of chemosensory dysfunction for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 250 participants, 74 (29.6%) were SARS-CoV-2-positive. There was slight agreement between self-reported symptoms and objective findings (kappa\u2009=\u20090.13 and 0.10 for OD and GD, respectively). OD assessed by the PST was independently associated with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.89, 95% confidence interval, 1.04\u20133.46). This association was stronger when OD was combined with objective GD, cough, and fever (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20097.33, 95% confidence interval, 1.17\u201345.84).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither the PST nor GDT alone are useful screening tools for COVID-19. However, a diagnostic scale based on objective OD, GD, fever, and cough may help triage patients with suspected COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221096280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T06:20:05Z","timestamp":1651731605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Testing for anosmia and ageusia in patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected coronavirus disease 2019 in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4987-2817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama Y","family":"Kentab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-822X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad A Al","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-3653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled R","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzooqah","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alsunaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalmohsen","family":"Ababtain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz I","family":"Alresseeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Algarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khlalid","family":"Aljohani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1120-9331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muna","family":"Aljahany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605221096280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25735"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605221096280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605221096280","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019 (2021, accessed 25 March 2021)."},{"key":"bibr4-03000605221096280","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection, https:\/\/www.entuk.org\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf (2020, accessed 25 April 2021)."},{"key":"bibr31-03000605221096280","unstructured":"American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. AAO-HNS: Anosmia, hyposmia, and dysgeusia symptoms, https:\/\/www.entnet.org\/content\/aao-hns-anosmia-hyposmia-and-dysgeusia-symptoms-coronavirus-disease. 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