{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:45:41Z","timestamp":1792701941079,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have attempted to determine the depth of anaesthesia with different anaesthetic agents using electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements with variable success. Measuring depth of anaesthesia is confounded by the complexity of the EEG and the fact that different agents create different pattens. A narrative review was undertaken to examine the available research evidence on the effect and reliability of spectral edge frequency (SEF) for assessing the depth of anaesthesia in adult patients under general anaesthesia. A systematic search of the PubMed\u00ae, Scopus\u00ae, CINAHL and Cochrane databases identified six randomized controlled trials and five observational studies. The findings of these studies suggest that SEF varies according to the anaesthetic drugs used. Remifentanil and age are two factors that can affect SEF, while other opioids and benzodiazepine (administered separately) seem to have no effect. No patients experienced intraoperative awareness. However, this does not indicate that SEF can provide full protection against it and the number of articles in which intraoperative awareness was studied was too small to afford any certainty. None of the studies demonstrated a reliable SEF interval associated with adequate general anaesthesia. SEF must be adapted to the anaesthetic drug used, the patient\u2019s age and state while under general anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221118682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T01:30:33Z","timestamp":1660613433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Spectral edge frequency during general anaesthesia: A narrative literature review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7518-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pether","family":"Jildenst\u00e5l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Institute for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgery and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, \u00d6rebro University Hospital and School of Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of medicine & Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"B\u00e4ckstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Hedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margareta","family":"Warr\u00e9n-Stomberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12826"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15528"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605221118682","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depth of anaesthesia monitors \u2013 Bispectral index (BIS), E-Entropy and Narcotrend-Compact M, https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/dg6 (2012, accessed February 2021)."},{"key":"bibr4-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50391-x"},{"key":"bibr5-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1598-2"},{"key":"bibr6-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199810000-00023"},{"key":"bibr7-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000594"},{"key":"bibr8-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000090740.32274.72"},{"key":"bibr9-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000841"},{"key":"bibr10-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-022-00807-3"},{"key":"bibr11-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005668"},{"key":"bibr12-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008506-200201000-00002"},{"key":"bibr13-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev072"},{"key":"bibr14-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2005.08.008"},{"key":"bibr15-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.593320"},{"key":"bibr16-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-017-2391-6"},{"key":"bibr17-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01378-1"},{"key":"bibr18-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182575b70"},{"key":"bibr19-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-010-0895-4"},{"key":"bibr20-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2017.11.072"},{"key":"bibr21-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-010-0907-4"},{"key":"bibr22-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2012.02659.x"},{"key":"bibr23-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.820"},{"key":"bibr24-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.03.018"},{"key":"bibr25-03000605221118682","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.10.010"},{"key":"bibr26-03000605221118682","unstructured":"SBU \u2013 The state's preparation for medical and social evaluation. 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