{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:15:10Z","timestamp":1792412110515,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence and awareness of drug and substance abuse among undergraduates in four southwestern universities in Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample of 400 students included 100 male and female students in the 15- to 29-year age range from each of the four selected universities in southwest Nigeria between December 2019 and June 2020. Descriptive statistics and Pearson chi-square tests were used for data analysis using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four hundred students satisfied the inclusion criteria and suitably completed the questionnaire. Most respondents were in the 15- to 19-year and 20- to 24-year age groups and were female (68%). Drug and substance abuse prevalence was 45.7%; one in every four students abused substances despite an aggregate risk awareness level of 94.6%. Alcohol and cigarettes\u2014legally and socially accepted substances\u2014were the most abused (61.5% and 54.5%, respectively). Codeine-containing syrup and tramadol topped the list of drugs, ranking higher than cannabis. The major motive was to \u2018get high\u2019 and numb emotional problems caused by predominantly socioeconomic and societal factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study showed a notable prevalence of drug and substance abuse across the selected universities in southwest Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605221130039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T01:01:55Z","timestamp":1666746115000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["An assessment of drug and substance abuse prevalence: a cross-sectional study among undergraduates in selected southwestern universities in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"John Afees","family":"Olanrewaju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Eureka research lab, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezekiel Olumide","family":"Hamzat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Igbo","family":"Enya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5424-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen Obiageli","family":"Udekwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quincy","family":"Osuoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eureka research lab, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4582-149X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Bamidele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4572-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olawumi","family":"Feyisike Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, University of Illorin, Illorin, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babajide Semeton","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Bristol and Weston NHS Trust, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifedolapo","family":"Olanrewaju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2880-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Oladele","family":"Owolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Global Health Equity, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i3.36"},{"key":"bibr2-03000605221130039","first-page":"2057","volume":"6","author":"Fagbe AO.","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Research"},{"key":"bibr3-03000605221130039","unstructured":"Ritchie H, Roser M. Opioids, cocaine, cannabis and illicit drugs.\n                      Our World in Data\n                      . 2018;\n                      Published online at OurWorldInData.org.\n                      Retrieved from: \u2018https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/illicit-drug-use'."},{"key":"bibr4-03000605221130039","author":"Onoja MO.","year":"2010","journal-title":"National institute of health"},{"key":"bibr5-03000605221130039","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Management of substance abuse: Facts and Figures. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/facts\/en\/ 9th November, 2019; 2019."},{"key":"bibr6-03000605221130039","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"Erhun WO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Health & Population in Developing Countries"},{"key":"bibr7-03000605221130039","first-page":"35","volume":"8","author":"Essien CF.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research in National Development"},{"key":"bibr8-03000605221130039","unstructured":"UNODC. Drug Use in Nigeria 2018, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Vienna. Available at https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/statistics\/Drugs\/Drug_Use_Survey_Nigeria_2019_BOOK.pdf. 2018."},{"key":"bibr9-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6105.1000234"},{"key":"bibr10-03000605221130039","unstructured":"Pharmapproach. NAFDAC: The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control- Activities and Interventions In Control of Fake Drugs. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pharmapproach.com\/nafdac-activities-and-interventions-control-fake-drugs\/# 14th May, 2020."},{"key":"bibr11-03000605221130039","unstructured":"Ibiyemi TS. On admission subscription enhancement model for Nigerian private university. Retrieved from https:\/\/awau.org\/media\/files\/5e4d4dead5a36.pdf 19th April, 2020."},{"key":"bibr12-03000605221130039","unstructured":"Allan C. What is the purpose of a university? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pearson.com\/uk\/educators\/higher-education-educators\/course-development-blog\/2018\/04\/what-is-the-purpose-of-a-university-html on 16 January, 2020."},{"key":"bibr13-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2476164"},{"key":"bibr14-03000605221130039","first-page":"341","volume":"5","author":"Fareo DO.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of International Social Research"},{"key":"bibr15-03000605221130039","first-page":"70","volume":"1","author":"Hassan ZA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malays Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr16-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"bibr17-03000605221130039","first-page":"133","volume":"1","author":"Oshikoya KA","year":"2006","journal-title":"World Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"bibr18-03000605221130039","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"Adekeye OA","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science"},{"key":"bibr19-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-5-19"},{"key":"bibr20-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232964"},{"key":"bibr21-03000605221130039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8074-5"},{"key":"bibr22-03000605221130039","first-page":"81","volume":"80","author":"Ihezue UH.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605221130039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605221130039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605221130039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:49:24Z","timestamp":1777459764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605221130039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605221130039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605221130039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"article-number":"03000605221130039"}}