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The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane method. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registry number: CRD42022356904).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with patients receiving standard of care, patients treated with corticosteroids alone had an increased risk of 14-day in-hospital death, whereas those treated with interleukin-6 receptor antagonists alone or in combination with corticosteroids had a lower risk of 14-day in-hospital death. Corticosteroid therapy alone was associated with increased risk of several adverse events, including intensive care unit admission and non-invasive ventilation, whereas interleukin-6 receptor antagonists alone or in combination with corticosteroids were not linked to adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings supported the safety and efficacy of interleukin-6 receptor antagonists, either alone or together with corticosteroids, in patients with severe COVID-19; evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids monotherapy is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251317462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T08:02:00Z","timestamp":1741852920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of immunomodulators in the treatment of severe COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7164-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuegui","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu Medical College"},{"name":"Chengdu Medical College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haonan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7505-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhushan","family":"Sandeep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Chengdu Second People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"525","article-title":"Clinical manifestations and CT imaging analysis of novel coronavirus pneumonia [J]","volume":"30","author":"Che HW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Che HW, Zhang XQ, Chai J, et\u00a0al. 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