{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:00:29Z","timestamp":1777726829359,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With advances in antiretroviral therapy, the life expectancy of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus infection has significantly improved. Consequently, non\u2013acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related conditions, particularly chronic liver disease, have become increasingly prominent causes of mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted using mortality data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database spanning 1999 to 2020. We identified deaths among adults aged 25 years and older in which both human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic liver disease were listed as causes of death. Data were grouped by gender, age, race, and region. Age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated per 1 million adults in the United States. Annual percent changes were computed using Joinpoint regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1999 to 2020, there were 13,447 deaths in the United States in which both human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic liver disease were listed as causes of death, with an overall age-adjusted mortality rate of 2.49. Males had higher age-adjusted mortality rates (3.85) than females (1.08). Non-Hispanic Black population had a higher age-adjusted mortality rate (8.71) than Hispanics (3.3) and non-Hispanic whites (2.29).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality in which both human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic liver disease were listed as causes of death has declined, but racial disparities persist, particularly among non-Hispanic Black individuals. Addressing these disparities will require policies that improve care access and reduce liver disease-related risks among people living with human immunodeficiency virus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251363782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]],"date-time":"2025-08-09T10:25:39Z","timestamp":1754735139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and disparities in human immunodeficiency virus and chronic liver disease mortality in the United States: A nationwide analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Fariha","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Cooper University Health Care, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Shahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amna Kaleem","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Arshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husnain","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zubia","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1341-3714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oasima","family":"Muner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Cooper University Health Care, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hassam","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, East Carolina University, Greenville, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dushyant S","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahid M","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_11_2_2","first-page":"87","article-title":"HIV and liver disease","volume":"25","author":"Navarro J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Navarro J. 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