{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:43:52Z","timestamp":1793195032136,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occult hepatitis B virus infection, characterized by the presence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the absence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen, poses a significant risk to blood donation safety. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and identify demographic and clinical predictors among blood donors in Saudi Arabia who were negative for hepatitis B surface antigen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using donor records to evaluate hepatitis B virus and other transfusion-transmissible infection markers. Demographic data were extracted, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of hepatitis B core antibody and hepatitis B virus DNA positivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 49,502 donors negative for hepatitis B surface antigen, 27 had occult hepatitis B virus infection, representing a prevalence of 0.054%. Occult hepatitis B virus infection was more frequent among donors aged 31\u201340 and &gt;51 years and was significantly associated with non-Saudi nationality, Middle Eastern and Asian origin, and syphilis coinfection. Syphilis was also significantly associated with prior hepatitis B virus exposure, as indicated by hepatitis B core antibody positivity. Notably, 5 of the 27 patients with occult hepatitis B virus infection (18.5%) were negative for hepatitis B core antibody, indicating that these cases would have been missed using serological screening alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection among blood donors in Saudi Arabia is low but clinically relevant. These findings underscore the limitations of serological screening alone and support the incorporation of nucleic acid testing to enhance transfusion safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251387447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T03:55:37Z","timestamp":1761105337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its demographic and clinical determinants among blood donors in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Abdulrahman F","family":"Alrezaihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lama","family":"Alzamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jawaher","family":"Alsughayyir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad S","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Faisal Medical City for Southern Regions, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administration, Hematology Department, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Aseer Health Cluster, Aseer Central Hospital, Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Hematology Section, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7025-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz M","family":"Almuqrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Hepatitis Report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240091672 (2024 accessed 13 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050724"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2023.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","first-page":"321","article-title":"Control of occult hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"3","author":"Lalana Garc\u00e9s M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lalana Garc\u00e9s M, Ortiz Pastor O, Sol\u00e9 Enrech G, et\u00a0al. Control of occult hepatitis B virus infection. 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Identification of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) among blood donors at Aseer Southern Region in Saudi Arabia. J Blood Disord Transfus 2023; 15: 1000572.","journal-title":"J Blood Disord Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention diagnosis care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240090903 (2024 accessed 8 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15057"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020174"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.2.50"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424879"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29144"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316490"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2525"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605251387447","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605251387447","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605251387447","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:51:06Z","timestamp":1777459866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605251387447"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605251387447"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605251387447","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"article-number":"03000605251387447"}}