{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:40:28Z","timestamp":1790167228271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emphysematous gastritis is a rare, life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining and gas within the gastric wall, with a mortality rate ranging from 55% to 61%. Emphysematous gastritis is caused by gas-producing bacteria and fungi that can infect both gastric and bowel walls. Risk factors include diabetes, corticosteroid use, prolonged nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, neoplasia, recent abdominal surgery, and other conditions that compromise immune function. Emphysematous gastritis can present with nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever; however, severe manifestations such as hematemesis and sepsis may also occur. Symptoms alone are insufficient for establishing a definitive diagnosis; computed tomography is the most effective imaging modality to identify characteristic findings. Management typically involves conservative treatment with bowel rest, hydration, and intravenous antibiotics. Surgical intervention may be required in cases of clinical deterioration; however, its role remains controversial. Recent studies have questioned the necessity of surgery, emphasizing early medical management to improve outcomes. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of emphysematous gastritis, focusing on its pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. It highlights the significance of timely intervention to improve survival and reduce the high mortality associated with this rare condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251389384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T10:01:37Z","timestamp":1761904897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emphysematous gastritis: The silent storm within the stomach wall"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Chander Shekher","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0682-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smriti","family":"Kochhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanishk","family":"Aggarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Edgecombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, White River Health, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toluwanimi","family":"Jeje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avalon University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avalon University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696082"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.54.3337"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_4_2","first-page":"e8106","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis: a real indication for emergent surgical intervention?","volume":"12","author":"Riaz S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Riaz S, Kudaravalli P, Saleem SA, et\u00a0al. Emphysematous gastritis: a real indication for emergent surgical intervention? Cureus 2020; 12: e8106.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2019.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23545"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_8_2","first-page":"e50409","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis: a case series on a rare but critical gastrointestinal condition","volume":"15","author":"Qasim A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qasim A, Penikelapate S, Sosa F, et\u00a0al, Emphysematous gastritis: a case series on a rare but critical gastrointestinal condition. Cureus 2023; 15: e50409.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-24770"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41073-019-0064-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2025.102638"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_12_2","first-page":"236","article-title":"[Emphysematous gastritis. Report of a case in the elderly]","volume":"60","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez CDR","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez CDR, Far\u00edas-Cuevas KP. [Emphysematous gastritis. Report of a case in the elderly]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc 2022; 60: 236\u2013241.","journal-title":"Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17511437231153048"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.5.923"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12020145"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-014-2882-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1673.2001.00878.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52633-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-251314"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760000301301"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2016.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i14.2282"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0028-RS"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0000871000.54638.e2"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000510424.99493.d8"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_27_2","first-page":"e8765","article-title":"Unique case of gastroenteritis presenting as pneumatosis intestinalis with emphysematous gastritis and portal vein gas: do not take gastroenteritis lightly","volume":"12","author":"Mehmood A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehmood A, Essrani R, Parvataneni S, et\u00a0al. Unique case of gastroenteritis presenting as pneumatosis intestinalis with emphysematous gastritis and portal vein gas: do not take gastroenteritis lightly. Cureus 2020; 12: e8765.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-200504000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V36N1p72"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.22.3.g02ma06543"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902744774"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_32_2","first-page":"637951","article-title":"Hepatic portal venous gas: comparison of two cases","volume":"2013","author":"Rankin I","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rankin I, Sheth H. Hepatic portal venous gas: comparison of two cases. Case Rep Surg 2013; 2013: 637951.","journal-title":"Case Rep Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000550284.27345.5e"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-021-01425-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239208"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06783-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-203755"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_38_2","first-page":"e90360","article-title":"Emphysematous gastritis in a chronic alcohol user: a case of gastric pneumatosis with suspected infectious etiology","volume":"17","author":"Nahar S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nahar S, Field E, Begum R, et\u00a0al. Emphysematous gastritis in a chronic alcohol user: a case of gastric pneumatosis with suspected infectious etiology. Cureus 2025; 17: e90360.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2025.04.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-025-05093-6"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251405037","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]],"date-time":"2026-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780185600000}}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605251389384","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605251389384","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605251389384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:02:53Z","timestamp":1782450173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605251389384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605251389384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605251389384","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"article-number":"03000605251389384"}}