{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:02:38Z","timestamp":1777726958193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu University Medical Education Collaborative Innovation Fund Project","award":["No. JDY2023018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. JDY2023018"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund Project of Xuzhou Medical University Affiliated Hospital","award":["No. ZX202508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZX202508"]}]},{"name":"Medical Research Project of the Jiangsu Health Commission","award":["No. Z2021010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Z2021010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed Mendelian randomization to investigate the relationships between pathogenic infections, immunophenotypes, and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, providing deeper insights into infection-induced Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis development beyond the limitations of small, inconclusive observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on pathogenic infections, immune cells, and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis were obtained from public databases. The inverse variance weighted method was used as the primary analytical approach, with robustness of the findings confirmed through heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mendelian randomization analysis demonstrated a causal relationship between anti-polyomavirus 2 IgG seropositivity and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (inverse variance weighted: odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.145, 95% confidence interval: 1.069\u20131.225,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099.90e\u221205). There was insufficient evidence to support a reverse causal relationship (inverse variance weighted: odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.092, 95% confidence interval: 0.892\u20131.337,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p\u2009=\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      3.94e\u221201). The proportion of variation in genetically predicted anti-polyomavirus 2 IgG seropositivity mediated by CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      B cells was 6.36% (95% confidence interval: 1.38%\u201311.35%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mendelian randomization analysis revealed that polyomavirus 2 infection significantly contributed to the development of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis, mediated by CD20\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      IgD\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      CD38\u207b B cells. However, no causal associations were observed between Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and other commonly studied pathogens, including human herpesvirus 6, hepatitis C virus, Epstein\u2013Barr virus, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605251406787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:40:42Z","timestamp":1769175642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unveiling the mediating role of immune cells in the link between pathogen infections and Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4096-1442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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