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The primary outcomes were pain, measured using the visual analog scale, and anxiety, assessed using the self-rating anxiety scale. Secondary outcomes included vital signs, procedural success and duration, patient satisfaction, virtual reality acceptability, and willingness to undergo future colonoscopies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with the control group, the virtual reality group showed significantly lower pain, anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure during the procedure (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No significant differences were observed in respiratory rate, cecal intubation time, or total procedure duration (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Insertion success rates were identical. Importantly, a higher proportion of virtual reality participants expressed willingness to undergo future colonoscopies (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), a patient-centered outcome relevant to screening adherence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual reality effectively reduces pain and anxiety during colonoscopy without compromising procedural outcomes. The inclusion of both subjective and physiological measures strengthens the evidence supporting the effects of virtual reality.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Trial registration: This randomized controlled trial was retrospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR; registration number ChiCTR2400079076).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261417213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T01:24:35Z","timestamp":1781832275000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of virtual reality on pain and anxiety during colonoscopy: A randomized control trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yijie","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhui","family":"Ying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-3101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueqing","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.09.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2022.2065197"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317124"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04440-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117424"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0398-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10901981231177075"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-117400"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2019.101084"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09724-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2022.101605"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153248"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29422"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39709-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SGA.0000000000000733"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2021.191081"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2022-0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123","article-title":"CONSORT 2025 statement: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials","volume":"389","author":"Hopewell S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hopewell S, Chan AW, Collins GS, et\u00a0al. 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