{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:06:33Z","timestamp":1777727193543,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory monitoring is important in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients as progressive respiratory muscle weakness often leads to respiratory failure. We performed single-case feasibility evaluation of long-wave infrared imaging for noncontact respiratory rate estimation in a hospitalized amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient and compared it with red\u2013green\u2013blue camera-based optical flow analysis and electrocardiogram-derived respiration. Respiratory rate was assessed using four methods: (a) manual counting as the ground truth; (b) long-wave infrared; (c) red\u2013green\u2013blue; and (d) single-lead electrocardiogram under three lighting conditions (regular, dim, and dark) with three 1-min trials per condition. Estimation accuracy was evaluated using mean absolute error relative to manual counting. Long-wave infrared imaging demonstrated the highest accuracy across all lighting conditions, with mean absolute errors of 1.67, 0.33, and 2.33 breaths per min, respectively. Red\u2013green\u2013blue-based estimation performed moderately well under regular and dim lighting but showed reduced accuracy in darkness, including one failed trial. Electrocardiogram-derived respiration showed the lowest accuracy and greatest variability across conditions. The limitations of the present study include its single-case design and absence of objective flow-based respiratory reference signals. However, this study demonstrates the feasibility and illumination robustness of long-wave infrared-based noncontact respiratory rate estimation in a hospital environment and supports further investigation of this approach for respiratory monitoring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261429206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:22:18Z","timestamp":1773217338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-wave infrared imaging for respiratory rate measurement in a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A case report"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5247-1420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaeho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AICU Co., Ltd., South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeungnam University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sreya Deb","family":"Sreshta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeungnam University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uday","family":"Debnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yeungnam University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoo Jin","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-7213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Cheol","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216396"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","first-page":"102044","article-title":"Detecting early signs of deterioration and preventing hospitalizations in skilled nursing facilities using remote respiratory monitoring","volume":"50","author":"Lauteslager T","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lauteslager T, Dishakjian V, Watson L, et\u00a0al. Detecting early signs of deterioration and preventing hospitalizations in skilled nursing facilities using remote respiratory monitoring. Respir Med Case Rep 2024; 50: 102044.","journal-title":"Respir Med Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12701\/jyms.2022.00332"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2008.02307.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-684X-11-26"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010078"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105193"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-022-00945-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2022.2099215"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12246"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25041078"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894241287003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04913"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2024.3488523"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261429206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261429206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261429206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:48:50Z","timestamp":1777459730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261429206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261429206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261429206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"03000605261429206"}}