{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:06:55Z","timestamp":1777727215578,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Province Medical Applicable Technology Tracking Project","award":["GZ20260028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZ20260028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors versus radiotherapy plus chemotherapy in driver gene-negative patients with non\u2013small cell lung cancer and brain metastases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center retrospective cohort study (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology\u2013compliant) enrolled 60 consecutive driver gene-negative patients with non\u2013small cell lung cancer and brain metastases (29 radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors, 31 radiotherapy plus chemotherapy) treated between June 2018 and December 2023, with follow-up until July 2025. Survival, tumor response, and immune-related adverse events were analyzed using Kaplan\u2013Meier methods, Cox models, and chi-square tests. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and used deidentified data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors significantly prolonged median overall survival (586 vs. 509 days, p\u2009=\u20090.0208) and progression-free survival (494 vs. 383 days, p\u2009=\u20090.0127) as well as improved objective response rate (34.48% vs. 19.35%, p\u2009=\u20090.0394) and disease control rate (75.86% vs. 51.61%, p\u2009=\u20090.0265) compared with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy. Favorable prognostic factors included age &lt;60 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status &lt;2, programmed death-ligand 1 tumor proportion score \u226550%, and absence of extracranial metastasis. Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors\u2013related immune-related adverse events (24.14%) were mostly grades 1\u20132, with no grade \u22654 events.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiotherapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors may confer survival benefits and favorable safety in driver gene-negative patients with non\u2013small cell lung cancer and brain metastases. However, caution is warranted in interpreting these findings, which require validation in large-scale prospective studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261431389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:21:06Z","timestamp":1774520466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy in driver gene-negative non\u2013small cell lung cancer with brain metastases: A single-center retrospective analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Zizhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huandi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"},{"name":"The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University"},{"name":"The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liubing","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"},{"name":"The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"},{"name":"Handan Central Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4934-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China"},{"name":"The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25183"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.12.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01255"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-011-0203-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713137"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704795"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.0375"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200690"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00934"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1443"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606774"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30111-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805453"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18268"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00697"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1478"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2003.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14292"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33196"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","first-page":"100797","article-title":"PD-L1, tumor mutational burden, and outcomes in NSCLC with brain metastases: a brief report","volume":"6","author":"Adib E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Adib E, Nassar AH, Bou Farhat E, et\u00a0al. 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