{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:16:11Z","timestamp":1777943771720,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hebei Provincial Medical Science Research Project","award":["20260048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20260048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study we retrospectively analyzed the influenza virus antigen detection data from Hebei General Hospital for the period from 2019 to 2023, focusing on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the epidemiology of influenza.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 45,956 records of patients with influenza-like illness retrieved from the Laboratory Information System of Hebei General Hospital between January 2019 and December 2023. Nasal and pharyngeal swab samples from these patients were tested for influenza A and influenza B virus antigens using colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with the pre-pandemic period, both number of influenza cases and positive detection rates declined substantially during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Notably, this decline coincided with the peak implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions aimed at mitigating coronavirus disease 2019 spread. The cases of influenza surged significantly following the relaxation of coronavirus disease 2019 restrictions in 2023 and even approached or exceeded the pre-coronavirus disease 2019 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide strong evidence that comprehensive nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented to control the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 also profoundly suppressed seasonal influenza epidemics. The sharp rebound of influenza activity after the relaxation of restrictions underscores the need for integrated preparedness strategies to manage concurrent threats from multiple respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261431877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:16:58Z","timestamp":1777439818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza epidemiology: A retrospective analysis in Hebei Province, China from 2019 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4660-4875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, China"},{"name":"Hebei Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, China"},{"name":"Hebei Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, China"},{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, China"},{"name":"Hebei Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report \u2013 51. Report no. 51 11 March 2020. Geneva: WHO."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6130"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","unstructured":"The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of The State Council for Novel Coronavirus Infection. Notice on the issuance of the overall plan for the implementation of the \u201cClass B\u201d for the novel coronavirus infection 26 December 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-01009-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba9757"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2404-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2293-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6105"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100112"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12858"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26010"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584801"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26990"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0002-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038356"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010116"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","first-page":"751","article-title":"Influenza: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"100","author":"Gaitonde DY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gaitonde DY, Moore FC, Morgan MK. Influenza: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2019; 100: 751\u2013758.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Influenza (seasonal) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal) (2025 accessed 23 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038489"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","unstructured":"Hebei Province initiated a first-level response to a major public health emergency https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2020-01\/25\/content_5472110.htm (2020 accessed 23 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2023.2223057"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-11794-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00224-24"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.16451"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad402"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23440-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-025-07102-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13226"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0299488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299488","article-title":"Analysis of data from two influenza surveillance hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China, for the period 2018\u20132022","volume":"19","author":"Wang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu G, et\u00a0al. Analysis of data from two influenza surveillance hospitals in Zhejiang Province, China, for the period 2018\u20132022. PLoS One 2024; 19: e0299488.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28204"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1283278"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006749"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06945"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007200"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15010223"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6173"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9060595"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2023.104834"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001864"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12953"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13047"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.12.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281812"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12348"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2024.100340"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-021-00093-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261431877","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261431877","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261431877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:36:52Z","timestamp":1777707412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261431877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261431877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261431877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"03000605261431877"}}