{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:07:16Z","timestamp":1777727236946,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hua Zhu, Nantong Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project","award":["MSZ2024099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MSZ2024099"]}]},{"name":"Haixia Liu,Current status of the application of artificial intelligence big models in the field of health in Shenzhen and the establishment of a standardised assessment system","award":["738020023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["738020023"]}]},{"name":"Jiangang Chen, Medical Research Project of Nantong Health","award":["MS2024032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS2024032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kidney stones, affecting approximately 10% of adults worldwide, pose substantial clinical and economic burdens. Although insulin resistance is implicated in lithogenesis, the association between estimated glucose disposal rate, a surrogate marker of insulin sensitivity, and kidney stone risk, as well as the mediating role of lipid markers, remains unexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 11,282 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007\u20132018). Estimated glucose disposal rate was calculated using waist circumference, hypertension status, and glycosylated hemoglobin. History of kidney stones was self-reported. Weighted logistic regression, restricted cubic spline models, and mediation analysis were used to assess associations, adjusting for sociodemographic, metabolic, and renal covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In our study, the mean age of participants was 47.71 years, and the prevalence of kidney stones was 9.8%. In the fully adjusted multifactorial logistic regression model, participants in the highest quartile of estimated glucose disposal rate (Q4) were 44% less likely to develop stones than those in Q1 (odds ratio: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.37\u20130.83; p\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.005). Restricted cubic spline analysis identified a nonlinear, inverted L-shaped relationship between estimated glucose disposal rate and kidney stone risk, with an inflection point at an estimated glucose disposal rate\u2009of\u20098.72. Below this threshold, each 1-unit increase in estimated glucose disposal rate was associated with an 8% reduction in stone risk (odds ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.88\u20130.95; p\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), whereas above 8.72, the risk was reduced by 31% for each 1-unit increase (odds ratio: 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.60\u20130.79; p\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001). Mediation analysis suggested that high-density lipoprotein mediated 5.72% of the total effect (p\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001), independent of body mass index, diabetes, and other confounders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimated glucose disposal rate and kidney stone risk demonstrated an inverted L-shaped association, with a threshold at 8.72. In addition, high-density lipoprotein partially mediated the association between estimated glucose disposal rate and kidney stones. These findings highlight the interaction between metabolic health and kidney stones and may guide personalized prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261431933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:25:41Z","timestamp":1774916741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum high-density lipoprotein partially mediates the inverted L-shaped association between estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of kidney stones: A cross-sectional study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1787-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junzhi","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenmin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haixia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Central South University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Central South University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Central South University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Current affiliation: Department of Urology Surgery, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital, Southeast University; Affiliated Nantong Clinical College of Nantong University, Nantong First People\u2019s Hospital; Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00513-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.117"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2024.08.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0320-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014060631"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-24-79"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae074"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2024.108085"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01394-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1398265"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01925-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16179"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496208"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02650-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2015.0567"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2006.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1444049"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071339"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.09.085"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-024-04861-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6051.24.05774-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14868"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00386.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.11.1265"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Evaluation of antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis prostrata: a Pashanbhed plant","volume":"54","author":"Devkar RA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Devkar RA, Chaudhary S, Adepu S, et\u00a0al. Evaluation of antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potential of Lepidagathis prostrata: a Pashanbhed plant. Pharm Biol 2016; 54: 1237\u20131245.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2008.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2234"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261431933","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261431933","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261431933","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:48:56Z","timestamp":1777459736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261431933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261431933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261431933","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"03000605261431933"}}