{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T13:07:21Z","timestamp":1777727241735,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023MD734124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MD734124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023TQ0398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TQ0398"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GZB20230916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZB20230916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China","award":["CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2023NSCQ-BHX0106"]}]},{"name":"STI2030-Major Projects","award":["2022ZD0212900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022ZD0212900"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82271565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82301714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2024YFC2707800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC2707800"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Innovation Talents Support Program of Chongqing, China","award":["2208013341918508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2208013341918508"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the associations between serum nonenzymatic antioxidants and major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional (410 adolescents: 178 patients with major depressive disorder, 54 patients with bipolar disorder, and 178 healthy controls) and longitudinal (72 adolescents: 55 patients with major depressive disorder and 17 patients with bipolar disorder) analyses were conducted. Antioxidant levels were measured and correlated with diagnosis and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores. Treatment-related changes in uric acid, albumin, and total bilirubin were assessed in the longitudinal cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder showed higher uric acid (p\u2009=\u20090.019) and lower albumin and total bilirubin (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) than in controls. Multivariate regression analysis identified uric acid as a risk factor for major depressive disorder (odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.52, p\u2009=\u20090.003) and bipolar disorder (odds ratio\u2009=\u20094.66, p\u2009=\u20090.001), whereas albumin and total bilirubin were protective factors (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Post-treatment, uric acid decreased in patients with major depressive disorder (336.7\u2009\u00b1\u200982.5 to 314.1\u2009\u00b1\u200976.5\u2009\u00b5mol\/L, p\u2009=\u20090.017) and bipolar disorder (341.9\u2009\u00b1\u2009106.8 to 314.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009102.4\u2009\u00b5mol\/L, p\u2009=\u20090.013), whereas total bilirubin increased in patients with major depressive disorder (8.8\u2009\u00b1\u20093.4 to 11.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6\u2009\u00b5mol\/L, p\u2009=\u20090.001). Uric acid was correlated positively with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores in patients with major depressive disorder (r\u2009=\u20090.32, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and showed a trend in patients with bipolar disorder (r\u2009=\u20090.33, p\u2009=\u20090.06). Total bilirubin showed an inverse correlation with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores in patients with major depressive disorder (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.30, p\u2009=\u20090.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder exhibit antioxidant imbalances. Elevated uric acid may act as a risk factor, whereas reduced albumin and total bilirubin appear protective, suggesting their role as biomarkers for disease status and treatment response.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261432755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T10:21:06Z","timestamp":1774520466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The nonenzymatic antioxidant profile as a biomarker for adolescent mood disorders: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chongqing Mental Health Center, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luman","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shenglan","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Dazu\u2019s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lige","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jushuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanchen","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanbing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-0357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disease and Aging Research (Ministry of Education), the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.5.5.1101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"S80","article-title":"Bipolar disorder: disease burden","volume":"11","author":"Sajatovic M.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sajatovic M. Bipolar disorder: disease burden. Am J Manag Care 2005; 11: S80\u2013S84.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.03.074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9554-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1906193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796019000593"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"CD013674","article-title":"New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Hetrick SE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, et\u00a0al. New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 5: CD013674.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"905","article-title":"Suicide trends among youths and young adults aged 10\u201324 years\u2013United States, 1990-2004","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2007","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Suicide trends among youths and young adults aged 10\u201324 years\u2013United States, 1990-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2007; 56: 905\u2013908.","journal-title":". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2023-101255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00645-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2020029202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13050602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0840407"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12446"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138904"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-017-0817-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000170883"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12793"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020470"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S387588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0047-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4393460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2298\/VSP131212063C"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3029864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(96)03010-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","first-page":"509","article-title":"Lower serum albumin levels in patients with mood disorders","volume":"25","author":"Huang TL.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang TL. Lower serum albumin levels in patients with mood disorders. Chang Gung Med J 2002; 25: 509\u2013513.","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-05174-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1019618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(00)00230-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000534929"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2023.2168554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520320121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.05.004"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261432755","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261432755","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261432755","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:48:57Z","timestamp":1777459737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261432755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261432755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261432755","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"03000605261432755"}}