{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T14:15:07Z","timestamp":1778163307759,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although associations between obesity and thyroid function have been widely reported, few studies have examined euthyroid (clinically normal) adults using both bioelectrical impedance-derived body composition measures and clinically accessible central adiposity markers in the same analysis, particularly Saudi adults in sex-stratified models. We examined the associations between thyroid function (evaluated using thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and free triiodothyronine) and body composition in Saudi adults, considering sex-specific patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis including 551 euthyroid adults (aged \u226518 years, 59% men). Anthropometric characteristics and body composition parameters were evaluated. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels were measured. Correlations and logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations. Participants were categorized as having high thyroid-stimulating hormone, low free thyroxine, or low free triiodothyronine levels for an assessment of their obesity risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low free thyroxine levels were associated with higher odds of obesity, as classified using body mass index (odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.09\u20133.10) and waist circumference (odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.21\u20136.20). High thyroid-stimulating hormone levels alone demonstrated a limited association to obesity risk. However, in women, high thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were strongly associated with central obesity. In men, low free thyroxine level was the more prominent predictor, associated with increased odds of elevated waist circumference. Free triiodothyronine levels were positively correlated with lean body mass and negatively with fat percentage, as indicated by higher free triiodothyronine levels in individuals with more muscle and less fat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Greater adiposity was associated with higher thyroid-stimulating hormone and lower free thyroxine levels in our population. These relationships differed by sex; the association of elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone levels with adiposity was more pronounced in women, whereas a stronger inverse free thyroxine\u2013obesity link was observed in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261444581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:43:44Z","timestamp":1777945424000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body composition indices align with thyroid variation in euthyroid Saudi adults: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Deemah S","family":"Alrajhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"AI-Musharaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tagreed A","family":"Mazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhawi","family":"Aldhwayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Abolmeaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-5461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghadeer S","family":"Aljuraiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_3_2","unstructured":"General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT). GASTAT publishes the results of Health Determinants Statistics Publication in Saudi Arabia 2024 GASTAT publishes the results of Health Determinants Statistics Publication in Saudi Arabia 2024 (2024 accessed 16 October 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12202092"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102192"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13448"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_7_2","first-page":"e86336","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Alhajri AHM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alhajri AHM, Saleh Al Saad AMS, Idrees H, et\u00a0al. Prevalence and risk factors of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review. Cureus 2025; 17: e86336.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11030065"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319241309168"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60071080"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091445"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2024.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab059"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314704"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvac055"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1579223"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551420988523"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5739806"},{"key":"e_1_3_10_21_2","article-title":"Impact of obesity on the thyroid profile, long-term experience at the General Hospital of Mexico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d","volume":"84","author":"Sosa-L\u00f3pez JG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sosa-L\u00f3pez JG, Alarc\u00f3n-Gonz\u00e1lez P, S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez VH, et\u00a0al. Impact of obesity on the thyroid profile, long-term experience at the General Hospital of Mexico, \u201cDr. Eduardo Liceaga\u201d. 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