{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T14:44:09Z","timestamp":1782744249085,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess diabetes mellitus-related knowledge, attitudes, risk perception, and preventive understanding among non-diabetic adults in Iraq.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study used convenience, voluntary sampling to recruit adults aged 18 years or older without a prior diagnosis of diabetes mellitus from different regions of Iraq between June and October 2025. Participants completed a culturally adapted questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, diabetes mellitus knowledge, attitudes, information sources, and beliefs regarding prevention. Descriptive statistics, Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, quantile regression, and binary logistic regression were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study included 874 participants. Nearly half (48.4%) reported a family history of diabetes mellitus. Common symptoms, such as frequent urination (89.9%) and excessive thirst (84.2%), were widely known, whereas less obvious symptoms, such as unexpected weight loss, were less well recognized. Awareness of some complications, such as loss of consciousness (94.2%) and amputation (93.8%), was high, while awareness of others, such as kidney damage (69.5%) and eye disorders (78.3%), was moderate. Quantile regression analysis showed significantly lower knowledge scores among participants without a medical background (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22124.214, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In addition, higher knowledge scores were significantly associated with more positive attitudes toward diabetes mellitus (odds ratio = 1.179, 95% confidence interval: 1.108\u20131.255, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas older age was associated with less favorable attitudes (odds ratio = 0.545, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults without diabetes in Iraq demonstrated a good basic understanding of diabetes mellitus; however, important gaps remain in knowledge of symptoms, complications, and key risk factors. These findings highlight the need for practical, evidence-based public health education to support prevention efforts and reduce the future burden of diabetes mellitus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261463409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:20:59Z","timestamp":1782472859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diabetes knowledge and attitudes among non-diabetic adults in Iraq: A cross-sectional study of awareness, risk perception, and preventive understanding"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Walid A.","family":"Al-Qerem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa H.","family":"Alsajri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Rasheed University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anan S.","family":"Jarab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0745-178X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Eberhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanities and Law, Teesside University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sura B.","family":"Subhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Rasheed University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima S.","family":"Dahaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Rasheed University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Jasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Rasheed University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tabarak W.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Rasheed University College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina K.","family":"Al-Hashaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7386-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor M.","family":"Alkhawwam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Damascus, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lama F.","family":"Sawaftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01917-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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