{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1784279109185,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Research Start-up Foundation for Introduced Talents","award":["YR20230138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YR20230138"]}]},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Health Research Project","award":["AHWJ2024Ab0097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AHWJ2024Ab0097"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Research Project in Higher Education of Anhui Province","award":["2024AH051948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AH051948"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82470816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82470816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review examines the development of organoid technology and its recent advances in the study of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. As three-dimensional in vitro culture models, organoids can recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native organs, providing an innovative platform for investigating disease mechanisms, conducting drug screening, and developing personalized treatment strategies for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. The article begins with an overview of the historical progression of organoid technology and then focuses on its specific applications in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor research, including disease modeling, drug testing, and potential uses in regenerative medicine. Finally, it addresses current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions and potential clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261467834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:43:36Z","timestamp":1784101416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and application of organoid technology in pituitary neuroendocrine tumor research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5573-7016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Rao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sun Yat-sen University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical University (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical University)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1232528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02117-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"Genetically engineered human pituitary corticotroph tumor organoids exhibit divergent responses to glucocorticoid receptor modulators","volume":"256","author":"Mallick S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mallick S, Chakrabarti J, Eschbacher J, et al. Genetically engineered human pituitary corticotroph tumor organoids exhibit divergent responses to glucocorticoid receptor modulators. Transl Res J Laborat Clin Med 2023; 256: 56\u201372.","journal-title":"Transl Res J Laborat Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-21-0374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11213344","article-title":"Development of human pituitary neuroendocrine tumor organoids to facilitate effective targeted treatments of Cushing\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Chakrabarti J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chakrabarti J, Pandey R, Churko JM, et al. Development of human pituitary neuroendocrine tumor organoids to facilitate effective targeted treatments of Cushing\u2019s disease. Cells 2022; 11: 3344.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01192-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02950-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.5444"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-025-09944-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2020.875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","article-title":"From bench to bedside in the sella: translational developments in pituitary tumour genetics","volume":"32","author":"De Sousa SMC","year":"2025","unstructured":"De Sousa SMC. From bench to bedside in the sella: translational developments in pituitary tumour genetics. Endocr-Related Cancer 2025; 32: e240272.","journal-title":"Endocr-Related Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2703077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol33020097","article-title":"Redefining pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in MEN1: prevalence, clinical behavior, and implications for long-term surveillance","volume":"33","author":"Modica R","year":"2026","unstructured":"Modica R, Liccardi A, Minotta R, et al. Redefining pituitary neuroendocrine tumors in MEN1: prevalence, clinical behavior, and implications for long-term surveillance. Curr Oncol 2026; 33: 97.","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2014.573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbaf038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"Organoid technology and applications in cancer research","volume":"11","author":"Hanxiao X","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanxiao X, Xiaodong L, Ming Y, et al. Organoid technology and applications in cancer research. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11: 116.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","article-title":"Gastric organoid, a promising modeling for gastric stem cell homeostasis and therapeutic application","volume":"17","author":"Subin L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Subin L, Jang-Hyun C, So-Yeon P, et al. Gastric organoid, a promising modeling for gastric stem cell homeostasis and therapeutic application. Int J Stem Cells 2024; 17: 337\u2013346.","journal-title":"Int J Stem Cells"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","article-title":"3D Cell culture models demonstrate a role for FGF and WNT signaling in regulation of lung epithelial cell fate and morphogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Anas R","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anas R, Radek F, Karel S, et al. 3D Cell culture models demonstrate a role for FGF and WNT signaling in regulation of lung epithelial cell fate and morphogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8: 574.","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"Integration of organoids with CRISPR screens: a narrative review","volume":"117","author":"Rushikesh M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rushikesh M, Khushboo A G, Anushree K, et al. Integration of organoids with CRISPR screens: a narrative review. Biol Cell 2025; 117: e70006.","journal-title":"Biol Cell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","article-title":"Microfluidic-assisted engineering of hydrogels with microscale complexity","volume":"199","author":"Yuehong L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuehong L, Danyang H, Yuting Z, et al. Microfluidic-assisted engineering of hydrogels with microscale complexity. Acta Biomater 2025; 199: 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1412489"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2021.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06349-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20417314251319475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10894-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"Give them vasculature and immune cells: how to fill the gap of organoids","volume":"212","author":"Yip S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yip S, Wang N, Sugimura R. Give them vasculature and immune cells: how to fill the gap of organoids. Cells, Tissues, Organs 2023; 212: 369\u2013382.","journal-title":"Cells, Tissues, Organs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13750"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153660","article-title":"Disease modeling of pituitary adenoma using human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"14","author":"Matsumoto R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Matsumoto R, Suga H, Arima H, et al. Disease modeling of pituitary adenoma using human pluripotent stem cells. Cancers 2022; 14: 3660.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.101886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.70121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","article-title":"High-throughput solutions in tumor organoids: from culture to drug screening","volume":"43","author":"Zuo J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zuo J, Fang Y, Wang R, et al. High-throughput solutions in tumor organoids: from culture to drug screening. Stem Cells) 2025; 43: sxae070.","journal-title":"Stem Cells)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemedi\/lnaf021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","article-title":"Label-Free 3D photoacoustic imaging of tumor organoids for volumetric drug screening","volume":"12","author":"Luo X","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo X, Chen M, Shan H, et al. Label-Free 3D photoacoustic imaging of tumor organoids for volumetric drug screening. Adv Sci (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 2025; 12: e17226.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2021.101079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02677-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","article-title":"Scalable production of human cortical organoids using a biocompatible polymer","author":"Narazaki G","unstructured":"Narazaki G, Miura Y, Pavlov SD, et al. Scalable production of human cortical organoids using a biocompatible polymer. Nat Biomed Eng 2025; 9: 2115\u20132123.","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006290","article-title":"Emerging organoid-immune co-culture models for cancer research: from oncoimmunology to personalized immunotherapies","volume":"11","author":"Magr\u00e9 L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Magr\u00e9 L, Verstegen MMA, Buschow S, et al. Emerging organoid-immune co-culture models for cancer research: from oncoimmunology to personalized immunotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11: e006290.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2023.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"101365","article-title":"Facing the possibility of consciousness in human brain organoids","volume":"6","author":"Wood C","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wood C, Wang H, Yang WJ, et al. Facing the possibility of consciousness in human brain organoids. Patterns (New York, NY) 2025; 6: 101365.","journal-title":"Patterns (New York, NY)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00166.2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-22-0440","article-title":"Sex chromosome aneuploidies and fertility: 47,XXY, 47,XYY, 47,XXX and 45,X\/47,XXX","volume":"12","author":"Rogol AD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rogol AD. Sex chromosome aneuploidies and fertility: 47,XXY, 47,XYY, 47,XXX and 45,X\/47,XXX. Endocr Connect 2023; 12: e220440.","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156065"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","article-title":"Photo-Crosslinking hydrogel based on porcine small intestinal submucosa decellularized matrix\/fish collagen\/GelMA for culturing small intestinal organoids and repairing intestinal defects","volume":"26","author":"Jia Z","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jia Z, Wang Z. Photo-Crosslinking hydrogel based on porcine small intestinal submucosa decellularized matrix\/fish collagen\/GelMA for culturing small intestinal organoids and repairing intestinal defects. Int J Molecul Sci 2025; 26: 663.","journal-title":"Int J Molecul Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01071-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261467834","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261467834","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261467834","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T08:17:21Z","timestamp":1784276241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261467834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261467834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261467834","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"03000605261467834"}}