{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T13:03:59Z","timestamp":1784379839492,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a common musculoskeletal condition in children. Although surgery is often required, the use of general anesthesia can lead to complications that may delay recovery. Regional anesthesia offers a means of reducing these risks; however, its use in children is often limited by challenges in patient cooperation. At our institution, regional anesthesia has been routinely employed for these procedures. This study retrospectively reviewed data from children who underwent surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip under regional anesthesia over the past 6 years, stratified by age group. The aim was to provide evidence regarding the optimal anesthetic approach for these procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive database was established comprising 1254 pediatric patients who underwent surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2023. The study included children classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I\u2013II, who were categorized into three age-based groups: (a) low age (Group L, 0\u201336 months); (b) middle age (Group M, 36\u201396 months); and (c) high age (Group H, 96\u2013156 months). The primary outcome was the use of regional anesthesia across the three groups, including the overall utilization rate and the distribution of specific regional anesthesia techniques. Secondary outcomes included anesthetic and surgical characteristics, including anesthesia methods, anesthesia duration, postanesthesia recovery time, surgical procedures, operative duration, intraoperative blood transfusion rates, and hemoglobin levels before and after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 1254 pediatric patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip and found that 99.8% received general anesthesia, 64.4% received regional anesthesia, and 64.2% underwent combined general and regional anesthesia. Group M included the largest number of patients, whereas Group H had the highest rate of regional anesthesia utilization (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Regarding regional anesthesia techniques, caudal anesthesia was the most commonly used in Group L, whereas the fascia iliaca compartment block was increasingly used in Groups M and H (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Combined intravenous\u2013inhalational anesthesia with mechanical ventilation was predominantly used in Groups L and M (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The use of sevoflurane for general anesthesia was highest in Group L and gradually decreased in Groups M and H (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Although surgical complexity increased with age, as reflected by more complex procedures, higher intraoperative blood transfusion rates, and longer anesthesia, and operative durations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), Group H had a shorter postanesthesia recovery time than Groups L and M (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The high utilization of regional anesthesia in Group H was associated with improved postoperative recovery in children undergoing surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip and was consistent with the principles of Enhanced Recovery after Surgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regional anesthesia is widely used in pediatric orthopedic hip surgery. However, the choice of regional anesthesia technique varies considerably with patient age, reflecting differences in anesthetic requirements and surgical characteristics. Younger children most commonly receive caudal anesthesia, whereas older children are more frequently managed with alternative regional techniques, including the fascia iliaca compartment block, lumbar plexus block, and quadratus lumborum block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261468601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T14:24:37Z","timestamp":1784125477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of regional anesthesia in pediatric hip surgery for developmental dysplasia of the hip: A retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6281-8758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University Third Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.671403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"Epidemiological investigation and ultrasonic diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Chinese infants: a large multi-center cohort study","volume":"101","author":"Xu N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu N, Xia B, Tao H, et al. Epidemiological investigation and ultrasonic diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip in Chinese infants: a large multi-center cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101: e28320.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Enhanced recovery care versus traditional non-ERAS care following osteotomies in developmental dysplasia of the hip in children: a retrospective case-cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Li J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li J, Rai S, Ze R, et al. Enhanced recovery care versus traditional non-ERAS care following osteotomies in developmental dysplasia of the hip in children: a retrospective case-cohort study. 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Chin J Pediatr Surg 2021; 42: 1057\u20131065.","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v13.i1.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2021.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13741"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0000000000000421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S191945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1812-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.109907"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01296-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2022-0581"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2020.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-101915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2022.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"318","article-title":"The outcome of salter innominate osteotomy for developmental hip dysplasia before and after 3 years old","volume":"6","author":"Baghdadi T","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baghdadi T, Bagheri N, Khabiri SS, et al. The outcome of salter innominate osteotomy for developmental hip dysplasia before and after 3 years old. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2018; 6: 318\u2013323.","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120700020942866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119836010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","article-title":"An overview of developmental dysplasia of the hip and its management timing and approaches","volume":"15","author":"Alhaddad A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhaddad A, Gronfula AG, Alsharif TH, et al. An overview of developmental dysplasia of the hip and its management timing and approaches. 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