{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:01:18Z","timestamp":1785250878211,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noncontact infrared thermometers are widely used for rapid screening, particularly during infectious disease emergencies. Although noncontact use is time-efficient and helps maintain a safe distance, their readings may be influenced by the anatomical measurement site and ambient temperature, and evidence from Black African populations remains limited. This study examined the variability and agreement of noncontact infrared thermometer\u2013derived surface temperature readings obtained from different anatomical sites under two controlled ambient temperature conditions in healthy Black African adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional, repeated measures study, noncontact infrared thermometer\u2013derived temperatures were obtained from 216 healthy adults using sites including the forehead, neck, temple, and wrist (in that order) in an environmental chamber maintained at 18\u00b0C and subsequently at 28\u00b0C. Differences across anatomical sites and ambient conditions were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and the Friedman tests with Bonferroni correction. Bland\u2013Altman analysis and Cohen's kappa were used to assess agreement between readings and temperature classification obtained under the two ambient conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Increasing the ambient temperature from 18\u00b0C to 28\u00b0C significantly increased forehead, neck, and temple readings (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), whereas wrist readings did not change significantly. Temperature readings differed significantly among anatomical sites at both ambient conditions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Most neck (94.9%) and forehead (74.5%) readings were classified within the predefined normal range, whereas wrist and temple readings were frequently classified below this range. Agreement in temperature classification between ambient conditions was fair for the neck (\u03ba = 0.42,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and lower for the other sites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Noncontact infrared thermometer\u2013derived surface temperature readings vary substantially according to anatomical site and ambient temperature in healthy Black African adults. The findings confirm the relevance of previously identified site- and environment-related measurement variability in this underrepresented population and support the use of standardized, site-specific noncontact infrared thermometer measurement protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261471237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1784981641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-sectional analysis of site- and ambient temperature\u2013related variability in noncontact infrared thermometry among healthy Black African adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Davis","family":"Ngarashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacktan J","family":"Ruhighira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)"},{"name":"Department of Medical Physiology, University of Dodoma, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7134-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gift","family":"Nkya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dodoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ponsian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7823-4809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M","family":"Tungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-6703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredirick L","family":"Mashili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS)"},{"name":"Department of Human Biology, Health through Physical Activity Lifestyle and Sports (HPALS) Research Centre, University of Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23328940.2020.1743605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guler U Sen D Costanzo IM et al. 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