{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:01:20Z","timestamp":1785250880088,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-02216889"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02216889"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Levodopa-induced dyskinesia remains one of the most prevalent and disabling complications in patients with Parkinson's disease receiving long-term levodopa therapy. Although levodopa-induced dyskinesia can substantially impair the quality of life, therapeutic strategies are often limited to levodopa dose adjustment, amantadine, or deep brain stimulation. These treatment options may be ineffective, poorly tolerated, or declined by some patients. We applied low-frequency deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the supplementary motor area in two patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinically significant levodopa-induced dyskinesia who had limited conventional treatment options. Both patients completed a 2-week protocol without medication changes and demonstrated short-term reductions in dyskinesia severity, as assessed using the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale and motor-complication measures. No serious adverse events occurred. These observations suggest that supplementary motor area\u2013targeted deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a feasible noninvasive neuromodulation approach for selected patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia. However, this is a two-patient case report without sham stimulation or extended follow-up; therefore, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary and hypothesis-generating. Larger controlled studies with objective outcome measures and longer follow-up are needed to determine the efficacy, durability, and optimal stimulation parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261471271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:12:00Z","timestamp":1784981520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel approach to the management of levodopa-induced dyskinesia using deep transcranial magnetic stimulation: A case report"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"In-Uk","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Incheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byungseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Incheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong An","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Incheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2013.11.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: problems with the current model","volume":"47","author":"Obeso JA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Obeso JA, Rodriguez-Oroz MC, Rodriguez M, et al. Pathophysiology of levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson\u2019s disease: problems with the current model. Ann Neurol 2000; 47: S22\u2013S32.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.3.527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2010-0556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000172861.36430.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.17.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Recent developments in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Vol 2","author":"Fahn S","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fahn S, Elton RL. UPDRS program members. Unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD (eds) Recent developments in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Vol 2. NJ: Macmillan Healthcare Information, 1987, pp.293\u2013304."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-0991-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000256036.20927.a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2006.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.03.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.584713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1336027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v13.i9.607"}],"container-title":["Journal of International Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261471271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03000605261471271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03000605261471271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:37:45Z","timestamp":1785249465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03000605261471271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03000605261471271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03000605261471271","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0605","1473-2300"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0605","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-2300","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"03000605261471271"}}