{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T14:14:00Z","timestamp":1788099240491,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze the relationship among CD8+ T-cell activation markers (CD38\/human leukocyte antigen\u2013D-related (HLA-DR)), viral load, and CD4+\/CD8+\u2009counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 receiving antiretroviral therapy in Southern Turkey and evaluate their potential as indicators of persistent immune activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety-nine patients receiving antiretroviral therapy were included in this cross-sectional study. Human immunodeficiency virus RNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, whereas CD4+, CD8+, and activation markers (CD38, HLA-DR) were analyzed using flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with detectable viral load (viral load \u226520 copies\/mL) had significantly higher percentages of CD8+\u2009CD38+, CD8+\u2009HLA-DR+, and dual-positive CD8+\u2009CD38+\u2009HLA-DR+\u2009T-cells than those with suppressed viral load (&lt;20 copies\/mL) (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The correlation with viral load was moderate for CD8+ T-cells alone (rho\u2009=\u20090.40,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and remained significant for CD38+ CD8+ T-cells (rho\u2009=\u20090.39,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001); it was stronger for HLA-DR+ CD8+ T-cells (rho\u2009=\u20090.55,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and HLA-DR+ CD38+ CD8+ T-cells (rho\u2009=\u20090.46,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Patients with coinfections showed significantly higher levels of these activation markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest that CD8+\u2009activation markers serve as potential immunological indicators of persistent immune activation and dysfunction. These markers may help identify patients at risk for inflammaging and incomplete recovery despite suppressed viral loads, offering valuable insights for personalized management in the antiretroviral therapy era.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605261476785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:59:50Z","timestamp":1787831990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Persistent CD8+ T-cell activation (HLA-DR\/CD38) as an immunological marker in antiretroviral-treated human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2983-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filiz","family":"Kibar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"},{"name":"Hospital Central Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salih","family":"\u00c7etiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Central Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay\u015fe Seza","family":"\u0130nal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alev \u00c7etin","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00fcl\u015fah","family":"Seydao\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferit","family":"Ku\u015f\u00e7u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcheyla","family":"K\u00f6m\u00fcr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akg\u00fcn","family":"Yaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cukurova University"},{"name":"Hospital Central Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980\u20132015: the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"3","author":"GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators","year":"2016","unstructured":"GBD 2015 HIV Collaborators. 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