{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:15:53Z","timestamp":1783923353115,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tumori"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While artificial intelligence (AI) is known to benefit radiotherapy (RT), its applications in carbon ion RT (CIRT) is yet to be surveyed. This scoping review aims to examine the current landscape of AI in CIRT and highlight future directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched to find eligible English articles investigating AI in CIRT between January 2014 and June 2025. Two human reviewers and an AI tool independently screened articles. Agreement was quantified using Cohen\u2019s kappa and McNemar\u2019s test (\u03b1 = 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 413 unique articles screened, 16 were selected, and an additional three were included through citation search, totaling 19 articles. The screening agreement between human and AI reviewers was substantial (Cohen\u2019s kappa = 0.75) with no statistical difference (p = 0.18). The AI contributions in CIRT were categorized into treatment planning, optimization, and verification; synthetic imaging; tumor control; and normal tissue complication prediction. All selected studies were limited by small datasets and lacked external validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI development in the CIRT domain is in early stages but holds promise for reducing costs and improving treatment, especially in adaptive settings. Future efforts should foster collaboration across CIRT facilities to support robust AI applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916261438952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:15:14Z","timestamp":1778584514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The landscape of artificial intelligence in carbon ion radiotherapy: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3531-9885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Fontana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9079-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sithin","family":"Thulasi Seetha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-1168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Lillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Molinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9020-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Physics Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Camarda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Radiology Institute, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1595-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia","family":"Barcellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Oncology Unit, Clinical Department, (CNAO) National Center for Oncological Hadrontherapy, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12771\/emj.2024.e49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24574-4_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/1651-226X.2025.44015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.70252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.16431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"\u2018Under the hood\u2019: artificial intelligence in personalized radiotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Gianoli C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gianoli C, De Bernardi E, Parodi K. \u2018Under the hood\u2019: artificial intelligence in personalized radiotherapy. 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