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The frequencies of physiopathologic changes were as follows: ductal papilloma (4%), ductal hyperplasia (6%), fibroadenoma (16%), sclerosing adenosis (24%), cysts (28%), apocrine cysts (18%), cystic ducts (40%), blind terminal ducts (60%), atrophic lobules (88%), sclerotic lobules (34%), hyperplastic lobules (28 %), cystic lobules (52%), persistent lobules in otherwise atrophic breasts (30%), lobules with apocrine metaplasia (30%), atypical lobules with proliferative changes (38 %), and independent foci of microscopic cancer (20%). The data indicate: 1) a frequent lack of correlation between ovarian function (menstrual cycles, menopause) and type of mammary glandular tree (hyperplastic, atrophic); 2) a rarity of ductal lesions compared with the frequency of lobular lesions; 3) a ubiquitous distribution of the lesions either near or far from clinical cancer; 4) a significant association of atypical lobules with lobular sclerosis (p &lt; 0.001) and apocrine metaplasia (p &lt; 0.05). The frequency and ubiquity of lobular changes suggest further investigation among them to search for suitable candidates as preneoplastic or predictive lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/030089168006600504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:26:18Z","timestamp":1523881578000},"page":"565-582","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Subgross Physiopathology of the Breast Associated with Clinical Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Roberta","family":"Sarnelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Universit\u00e0, Pisa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Sab\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Universit\u00e0, Pisa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Squartini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Anatomia e Istologia Patologica, Universit\u00e0, Pisa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1980,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-030089168006600504","first-page":"569","volume-title":"Proceedings of the II International Symposium on Mammary Cancer","author":"Bern H.A.","year":"1958"},{"key":"bibr2-030089168006600504","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700570404"},{"key":"bibr3-030089168006600504","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/64.6.797"},{"key":"bibr4-030089168006600504","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197502)35:2<475::AID-CNCR2820350227>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"bibr5-030089168006600504","first-page":"349","volume-title":"The Morphological Precursors of Cancer","author":"De Orne K.B.","year":"1962"},{"key":"bibr6-030089168006600504","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197501)35:1<247::AID-CNCR2820350130>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"bibr7-030089168006600504","first-page":"713","volume":"17","author":"Foulds L.","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. 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