{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:08:32Z","timestamp":1791986912950,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This report reviews diseases of 1546 elasmobranchs representing at least 60 species submitted to Northwest ZooPath from 1994 to 2010. Cownose rays ( Rhinoptera bonasus) (78), southern rays ( Dasyatis americana) (75), dusky smooth-hounds ( Mustelus canis) (74), bonnethead sharks ( Sphyrna tiburo) (66), and bamboo sharks (Hemiscylliidae) (56) were the most commonly submitted species. Infectious\/inflammatory disease was most common (33.5%) followed by nutritional (11.9%, mostly emaciation), traumatic (11.3%), cardiovascular (5.5%, mostly shock), and toxin-associated disease (3.7%). Bacterial infections (518\/1546, 15%) included sepsis (136\/518, 26%), dermatitis (7%), branchitis (6%), and enteritis (4%). Fungal infections (10\/1546, 0.6%) included dermatitis (30%), hepatitis (30%), and branchitis (20%). Viral or suspected viral infections or disease processes (15\/1546, 1%) included papillomatosis (47%), herpesvirus (20%), and adenovirus (7%). Parasitic infections (137\/1546, 9%) included nematodiasis (36\/137, 26%), ciliate infections (23%), trematodiasis (20%), coccidiosis (6%), myxozoanosis (5%), amoebiasis (4%), cestodiasis (1%), and flagellate infections (1%). Inflammation of unknown cause (401\/1546, 26%) included enteritis (55\/401, 14%), branchitis (9%), encephalitis (9%), and dermatitis (7%). Traumatic diseases (174\/1546, 11.3%) included skin trauma (103\/174, 60%), stress\/maladaptation (9%), and gut trauma (7%). Toxicoses (57\/1546, 4%) included toxic gill disease (16\/57, 26%), gas bubble disease (19%), fenbendazole (7%), ammonia (7%), chlorine (5%), and chloramine (3%). Species trends included visceral nematodiasis in black-nosed sharks ( Carcharhinus acronotus) (55%); sepsis in dusky smooth-hounds (41%), blue-spotted stingrays (36%), southern rays (36%), and wobeggong sharks ( Orectolobus spp) (69%); emaciation in bamboo (33%) and bonnethead (32%) sharks and freshwater stingrays ( Potamotrygon motoro) (32%); and trauma in bonnethead sharks (30%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813482147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]],"date-time":"2013-03-25T22:27:56Z","timestamp":1364250476000},"page":"377-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["A Retrospective Study of Disease in Elasmobranchs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"M. M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300985813482147","first-page":"325","volume-title":"Elasmobranch Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays and Their Relatives","author":"Benz GW","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-0300985813482147","volume-title":"Presented at: Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; October 11\u201317, 2008","author":"Bowman MR"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr3-0300985813482147","first-page":"443","volume":"45","author":"Briones V","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed B"},{"key":"bibr4-0300985813482147","unstructured":"Bruno DW, Poppe TT. A Colour Atlas of Salmonid Diseases. 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