{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:24:39Z","timestamp":1777919079121,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,10]],"date-time":"2014-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathology in mice infected with neurovirulent South African lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains has not previously been described. Three- to 4-month-old male BALBc mice were infected with South African neurovirulent lineage 2 (SPU93\/01) or lineage 1 (NY385\/99) WNV strains and the gross and microscopic central nervous system (CNS) and extra-CNS pathology of both investigated and compared. Mice infected with both lineages showed similar illness, paralysis, and death from days 7 to 11 postinfection (PI). Two survivors of each lineage were euthanized on day 21 PI. WNV infection was confirmed by nested real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of tissues, mostly brain, in the majority of mice euthanized sick or that died and in 1 healthy lineage 2 survivor. Gross lesions caused by both lineages were identical and included marked gastric and proximal small intestinal fluid distension as described in a previous mouse study, but intestinal microscopic lesions differed. CNS lesions were subtle. Immunohistochemical (IHC)\u2013positive labeling for WNV E protein was found in neurons multifocally in the brain of 3 lineage 1\u2013infected and 3 lineage 2\u2013infected mice from days 9 to 11 PI, 4 of these including brainstem neurons, and of cecal myenteric ganglion neurons in 1 lineage 2\u2013infected day 8 PI mouse. Findings supported hypotheses in hamsters that gastrointestinal lesions are likely of brainstem origin. Ultrastructurally, virus-associated cytoplasmic vesicular or crystalline structures, or amorphous structures, were found to label IHC positive in control-positive avian cardiomyocytes and mouse thalamic neurons, respectively, and WNV-like 50-nm particles, which were scarce, did not label.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813520246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T00:51:18Z","timestamp":1392079878000},"page":"140-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative Pathology of Neurovirulent Lineage 1 (NY99\/385) and Lineage 2 (SPU93\/01) West Nile Virus Infections in BALBc Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"J. 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