{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:15:08Z","timestamp":1784830508884,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is an important health concern for Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus), no studies have evaluated the associated local immune responses or histologic lesions. In primates including humans, latent tuberculosis is distinguished by well-organized granulomas with T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 cytokine expression, whereas active disease is characterized by poorly organized inflammation and local imbalance in T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1\/T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2 cytokines. This study examined archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung samples from 5 tuberculosis-negative and 9 tuberculosis-positive Asian elephants. Lesions were assessed by light microscopy, and lymphoid infiltrates were characterized by CD3 and CD20 immunolabeling. Expression of T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 (interferon [IFN]\u2013\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]\u2013\u03b1) and T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2 (interleukin [IL]\u20134, IL-10, transforming growth factor [TGF]-\u03b2) cytokines was determined using in situ hybridization. In 6 of 9 samples, inflammation was similar to the pattern of primate active disease with low to moderate numbers of lymphocytes, most of which were CD20 positive. In 1 sample, inflammation was most similar to latent tuberculosis in primates with numerous CD3-positive lymphocytes. Expression of IFN-\u03b3 was detected in 3 of 8 tuberculosis-positive samples. Expression of TNF-\u03b1 was detected in 3 of 8 positive samples, including the one with latent morphology. Low-level expression of IL-4 was present in 4 of 8 positive samples. Only single positive samples displayed expression of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2. Tuberculosis-negative samples generally lacked cytokine expression. Results showed heterogeneity in lesions of elephant tuberculosis similar to those of latent and active disease in primates, with variable expression of both T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 and T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2 cytokines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814548517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]],"date-time":"2014-09-16T23:11:56Z","timestamp":1410909116000},"page":"535-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Asian Elephants (\n                    <i>Elephas maximus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"J. A.","family":"Landolfi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Terio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Zoological Pathology Program, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DST\/MRC Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. 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