{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:25:52Z","timestamp":1792027552545,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Congenital skeletal abnormalities may be genetic, teratogenic, or nutritional in origin; distinguishing among these different causes is essential in the management of the disease but may be challenging. In some cases, teratogenic or nutritional causes of skeletal abnormalities may appear very similar to genetic causes. For example, chondrodysplasia associated with intrauterine zinc or manganese deficiency and mild forms of hereditary chondrodysplasia have very similar clinical features and histologic lesions. Therefore, historical data are essential in any attempt to distinguish genetic and acquired causes of skeletal lesions; as many animals as possible should be examined; and samples should be collected for future analysis, such as genetic testing. Acquired causes of defects often show substantial variation in presentation and may improve with time, while genetic causes frequently have a consistent presentation. If a disease is determined to be of genetic origin, a number of approaches may be used to detect mutations, each with advantages and disadvantages. These approaches include sequencing candidate genes, single-nucleotide polymorphism array with genomewide association studies, and exome or whole genome sequencing. Despite advances in technology and increased cost-effectiveness of these techniques, a good clinical history and description of the pathology and a reliable diagnosis are still key components of any investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815579999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]],"date-time":"2015-04-24T23:31:18Z","timestamp":1429918278000},"page":"851-861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Approach to Investigating Congenital Skeletal Abnormalities in Livestock"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"K. E.","family":"Dittmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. G.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.02.012"},{"key":"bibr2-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-45-133"},{"key":"bibr3-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870401600406"},{"key":"bibr4-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300401"},{"key":"bibr5-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870401600609"},{"key":"bibr6-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1994.tb00075.x"},{"key":"bibr7-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800421"},{"key":"bibr8-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-3-8"},{"key":"bibr9-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2011.03.004"},{"key":"bibr10-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1992.35712"},{"key":"bibr11-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-3-8"},{"key":"bibr12-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3031"},{"key":"bibr13-0300985815579999","unstructured":"Beever JE, Marron BM, inventors; Agrigenomics Inc, assignee. Screening for the genetic defect causing tibial hemimelia in bovines. US patent 20090239212. April 17, 2012."},{"key":"bibr14-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2005.01398.x"},{"key":"bibr15-0300985815579999","volume-title":"Paper presented at: 42nd Annual Western Conference of Veterinary Diagnostic Pathologists","author":"Bildfell R","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr16-0300985815579999","first-page":"839","volume":"147","author":"Binns W","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr17-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-12-11"},{"key":"bibr18-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-4-39"},{"key":"bibr19-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002822"},{"key":"bibr20-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(97)80052-7"},{"key":"bibr21-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-007-9066-9"},{"key":"bibr22-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043085"},{"key":"bibr23-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(03)00077-9"},{"key":"bibr24-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1975.tb14489.x"},{"key":"bibr25-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.030742"},{"key":"bibr26-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-347"},{"key":"bibr27-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2013.11.208"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr28-0300985815579999","first-page":"14","volume":"71","author":"Dattani MT","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"bibr29-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1975.tb09410.x"},{"key":"bibr30-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.11.208"},{"key":"bibr31-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810375240"},{"key":"bibr32-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.04.005"},{"key":"bibr33-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1969.tb16093.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589002700103"},{"key":"bibr35-0300985815579999","first-page":"414","volume":"48","author":"Doize B","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr36-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-8-5"},{"key":"bibr37-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001079"},{"key":"bibr38-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2006.05.007"},{"key":"bibr39-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.01.011"},{"key":"bibr40-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2014.5"},{"key":"bibr41-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1980.tb15992.x"},{"key":"bibr42-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas89-096"},{"key":"bibr43-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1974.164.04.389","volume":"164","author":"Greene HJ","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr44-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72477-8"},{"key":"bibr45-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10129.x"},{"key":"bibr46-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-003-2324-6"},{"key":"bibr47-0300985815579999","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"Hashiguchi Y","year":"1979","journal-title":"Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo)"},{"key":"bibr48-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812447831"},{"key":"bibr49-0300985815579999","first-page":"281","volume":"21","author":"Hidiroglou M","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annal Rech Vet"},{"key":"bibr50-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2011.02209.x"},{"key":"bibr51-0300985815579999","first-page":"980","volume":"76","author":"Holmes JR","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"bibr52-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199810)213:2<159::AID-AJA1>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"bibr53-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03546713"},{"key":"bibr54-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2006.08.005"},{"key":"bibr55-0300985815579999","first-page":"759","volume-title":"Diseases of Cattle in Australasia","author":"Jolly RD","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr56-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1982.34937"},{"key":"bibr57-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1984.5841029x"},{"key":"bibr58-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563658708992631"},{"key":"bibr59-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.24.582"},{"key":"bibr60-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904513106"},{"key":"bibr61-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp552"},{"key":"bibr62-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.37-5-508"},{"key":"bibr63-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0723110"},{"key":"bibr64-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(69)86766-4"},{"key":"bibr65-0300985815579999","first-page":"181","volume":"11","author":"Leipold HW","year":"1970","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr66-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03000509"},{"key":"bibr67-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.03.004"},{"key":"bibr68-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1868"},{"key":"bibr69-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.06.902","volume":"201","author":"MacKay RJ","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr70-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-337"},{"key":"bibr71-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.54.453"},{"key":"bibr72-0300985815579999","volume-title":"Paper presented at: Proceedings of the Interbull Meeting","author":"Mullen MP","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr73-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094861"},{"key":"bibr74-0300985815579999","unstructured":"Nicholas F. Online Mendelian Inheritance of Animals, University of Sydney. http:\/\/omia.angis.org.au\/home\/. Accessed November 13, 2014."},{"key":"bibr75-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003350010212"},{"key":"bibr76-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201003089"},{"key":"bibr77-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811412621"},{"key":"bibr78-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(95)00722-W"},{"key":"bibr79-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1974.165.06.548","volume":"165","author":"Ojo SA","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr80-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1975.166.08.781","volume":"166","author":"Ojo SA","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr81-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659008993477"},{"key":"bibr82-0300985815579999","first-page":"131","volume":"7","author":"Panter KE","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nat Toxins"},{"key":"bibr83-0300985815579999","first-page":"117","volume":"8","author":"Panter KE","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nat Toxins"},{"key":"bibr84-0300985815579999","first-page":"1377","volume":"28","author":"Panter KE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Conium and Nicotiana species. Toxicon"},{"key":"bibr85-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21053"},{"key":"bibr86-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1990.tb03078.x"},{"key":"bibr87-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1993.tb15150.x"},{"key":"bibr88-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.44-6-928"},{"key":"bibr89-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1969.tb16092.x"},{"key":"bibr90-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708601202"},{"key":"bibr91-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1754"},{"key":"bibr92-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00672-5"},{"key":"bibr93-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.012500"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr94-0300985815579999","first-page":"7","volume":"64","author":"Saunders LZ","year":"1974","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"bibr95-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-255"},{"key":"bibr96-0300985815579999","unstructured":"Statistics OMIM. http:\/\/www.omim.org\/statistics\/entry, Accessed July 15, 2014."},{"key":"bibr97-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(72)90031-X"},{"key":"bibr98-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152337899"},{"key":"bibr99-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.03.011"},{"key":"bibr100-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.12.372"},{"key":"bibr101-0300985815579999","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","author":"Thompson KG","year":"2007","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr102-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1994.35804"},{"key":"bibr103-0300985815579999","first-page":"45","volume":"51","author":"Thompson KG","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"bibr104-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3690506"},{"key":"bibr105-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2008.11.017"},{"key":"bibr106-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1988.tb00567.x"},{"key":"bibr107-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1990.35645"},{"key":"bibr108-0300985815579999","first-page":"106","volume":"137","author":"van den Brom R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"bibr109-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33909"},{"key":"bibr110-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1427"},{"key":"bibr111-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.04.016"},{"key":"bibr112-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00099-9"},{"key":"bibr113-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.12.916"},{"key":"bibr114-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021739"},{"key":"bibr115-0300985815579999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2011.02304.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815579999","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0300985815579999","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815579999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:55:47Z","timestamp":1777661747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0300985815579999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0300985815579999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985815579999","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,24]]}}}