{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:42:55Z","timestamp":1790386975102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]],"date-time":"2015-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435536000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Domestic ducks can be a key factor in the regional spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in Asia. The authors performed experimental infections to examine the relationship between corneal opacity and H5N1 HPAI virus infection in domestic ducks (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anas platyrhyncha<\/jats:italic>\n                    var\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). A total of 99 domestic ducks, including 3 control birds, were used in the study. In experiment 1, when domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally with 2 H5N1 HPAI viruses, corneal opacity appeared more frequently than neurologic signs and mortality. Corneal ulceration and exophthalmos were rare findings. Histopathologic examinations of the eyes of domestic ducks in experiment 2 revealed that corneal opacity was due to the loss of corneal endothelial cells and subsequent keratitis with edema. Influenza viral antigen was detected in corneal endothelial cells and some other ocular cells by immunohistochemistry. Results suggest that corneal opacity is a characteristic and frequent finding in domestic ducks infected with the H5N1 HPAI virus. Confirming this ocular change may improve the detection rate of infected domestic ducks in the field.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815591077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]],"date-time":"2015-06-29T23:05:12Z","timestamp":1435619112000},"page":"65-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Corneal Opacity in Domestic Ducks Experimentally Infected With H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Color Atlas of Veterinary Histology","author":"Bacha WJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bacha WJJr, Bach LM. 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