{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:09:06Z","timestamp":1793491746028,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Soft tissue mineralization was diagnosed in 19 captive 2-toed sloths ( Choloepus didactylus and Choloepus hoffmanni) ranging from 2 months to 41 years of age. Gross mineralization was evident at necropsy in 6 of 19 sloths and was prominent in the aorta and arteries. Histologically, 11 sloths had arterial mineralization, including mural osseous and chondroid metaplasia and smooth muscle hyperplasia consistent with arteriosclerosis. Visceral mineralization most commonly involved the gastric mucosa (17 sloths), kidneys (17 sloths), and lungs (8 sloths). Eleven sloths ranging in age from 5 to 41 years old had moderate to severe renal disease, which may be an important underlying cause of soft tissue mineralization in adult sloths. However, 5 sloths (juveniles and adults) had severe soft tissue mineralization with histologically normal kidneys or only mild interstitial inflammation or fibrosis, suggesting other causes of calcium and phosphorus imbalance. Degenerative cardiac disease was a common finding in 10 sloths with vascular mineralization and varied from mild to severe with fibrosis and acute noninflammatory myocardial necrosis. Although the prevalence of cardiac disease in adult sloths has not been documented, disease may be exacerbated by hypertension from degenerative arteriosclerosis as noted in this study group. Although renal disease likely contributed substantially to mineralization of tissues in most sloths in this study, nutritional causes of soft tissue mineralization\u2014such as imbalances in dietary vitamin D or calcium and phosphorus\u2014may be an important contributing factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815598206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T23:18:26Z","timestamp":1441235906000},"page":"659-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Soft Tissue Mineralization in Captive 2-Toed Sloths"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Diagnostic Medicine Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00964.x"},{"key":"bibr2-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302070"},{"key":"bibr3-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161"},{"key":"bibr4-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-1-64"},{"key":"bibr5-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000145894.57533.C4"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr6-0300985815598206","first-page":"102","volume":"48","author":"Gilka F","year":"1984","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr7-0300985815598206","unstructured":"International Species Information System.\n                      Choloepus hoffmanni\n                      and\n                      Choloepus didactylus\n                      two-toed sloth physiological data reference values. http:\/\/isis.org. Published 2011. Accessed March 5, 2015."},{"key":"bibr8-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2012.660498"},{"key":"bibr9-0300985815598206","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Pathologic Basis of Disease","author":"Kumar V","year":"2004","edition":"8"},{"key":"bibr10-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.03.002"},{"key":"bibr11-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007080854"},{"key":"bibr12-0300985815598206","first-page":"314","volume-title":"Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","author":"Moore TA","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr13-0300985815598206","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","author":"Napier JE","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr14-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.12.1887"},{"key":"bibr15-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2004.187"},{"key":"bibr16-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.07.001"},{"key":"bibr17-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02700.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0300985815598206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0137R2.1"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr19-0300985815598206","first-page":"459","volume":"44","author":"Schmidt RE","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr20-0300985815598206","first-page":"E8","volume":"31","author":"Stillion JR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr21-0300985815598206","first-page":"N218","volume":"67","author":"Studdert VP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"bibr22-0300985815598206","unstructured":"Thompson K. Bones and joints. In: Maxie MG, ed. Pathology of Domestic Animals. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2007:10, 58\u201359."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815598206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0300985815598206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815598206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:56:09Z","timestamp":1777661769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0300985815598206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0300985815598206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985815598206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]]}}}