{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:52:51Z","timestamp":1793127171251,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":286,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815612154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T23:03:13Z","timestamp":1451602993000},"page":"250-276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Comparative Pathology of Aging Great Apes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"L. J.","family":"Lowenstine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"},{"name":"Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project\u2013Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"McManamon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. A.","family":"Terio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2014.01.002"},{"key":"bibr2-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300822"},{"key":"bibr3-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00052-4"},{"key":"bibr4-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2009.11.009"},{"key":"bibr5-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.060473"},{"key":"bibr6-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311857110"},{"key":"bibr7-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760"},{"key":"bibr8-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-010-0180-5"},{"key":"bibr9-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.121.1.1"},{"key":"bibr10-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.119.3.285"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr11-0300985815612154","first-page":"457","volume":"61","author":"Andrade MC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr12-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12017"},{"key":"bibr13-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2010.03.028"},{"key":"bibr14-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046182"},{"key":"bibr15-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.12.011"},{"key":"bibr16-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390604"},{"key":"bibr17-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000137704"},{"key":"bibr18-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20650"},{"key":"bibr19-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.01.005"},{"key":"bibr20-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.06.053"},{"key":"bibr21-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.04.027"},{"key":"bibr22-0300985815612154","first-page":"72","author":"Baitchman EJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr23-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12152"},{"key":"bibr24-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:2<111::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr25-0300985815612154","first-page":"268","volume":"30","author":"Barrie MT","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"bibr26-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem038"},{"key":"bibr27-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.012"},{"key":"bibr28-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-2395-2-8"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr29-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1989.tb00410.x","volume":"18","author":"Beniashvili DS","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"key":"bibr30-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0442-8"},{"key":"bibr31-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.003"},{"key":"bibr32-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2015.02.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr33-0300985815612154","first-page":"474","volume":"109","author":"Brack M","year":"1966","journal-title":"Zentralbl Allg Pathol"},{"key":"bibr34-0300985815612154","first-page":"84","volume":"153","author":"Brand CM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"bibr35-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-008-0613-9"},{"key":"bibr36-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e328335eec9"},{"key":"bibr37-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201571"},{"key":"bibr38-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2010.11.007"},{"key":"bibr39-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00321.x"},{"key":"bibr40-0300985815612154","first-page":"259","volume-title":"The Comparative Pathology of Zoo Animals","author":"Brown TM","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr41-0300985815612154","first-page":"164","author":"Bryant WM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr42-0300985815612154","first-page":"154","author":"Burns R","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr43-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.08.011"},{"key":"bibr44-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20758"},{"key":"bibr45-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1310071"},{"key":"bibr46-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10238"},{"key":"bibr47-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00192"},{"key":"bibr48-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815620654","volume":"53","author":"Chaffee E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"bibr49-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/06-050.1"},{"key":"bibr50-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.028"},{"key":"bibr51-0300985815612154","first-page":"433","volume":"9","author":"Chen X","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"bibr52-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815618435","volume":"53","author":"Chilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"bibr53-0300985815612154","author":"Cianciolo RE","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"bibr54-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.06.003"},{"key":"bibr55-0300985815612154","first-page":"329","author":"Cook RJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Joint Conf Am Assoc Zoo Vet\/Wildlife Dis Assoc\/Am Assoc Wildl Vet"},{"key":"bibr56-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(03)00099-8"},{"key":"bibr57-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr216"},{"key":"bibr58-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2011.4179"},{"key":"bibr59-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100414"},{"key":"bibr60-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.10.019"},{"key":"bibr61-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/03-010"},{"key":"bibr62-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.12.011"},{"key":"bibr63-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1095-1009"},{"key":"bibr64-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1205"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr65-0300985815612154","first-page":"347","volume":"26","author":"Dor\u00e9 M","year":"1985","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr66-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr67-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20797","volume":"72","author":"Elgart AA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"bibr68-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2011.00467.x"},{"key":"bibr69-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21044"},{"key":"bibr70-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.11.033"},{"key":"bibr71-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20051"},{"key":"bibr72-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000137676"},{"key":"bibr73-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000061455"},{"key":"bibr74-0300985815612154","volume-title":"Prevalence of Obesity Among Older Adults in the United States, 2007\u20132011","author":"Fakhouri THI","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr75-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.015"},{"key":"bibr76-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909606106"},{"key":"bibr77-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.025"},{"key":"bibr78-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9355-9"},{"key":"bibr79-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-011-9270-2"},{"key":"bibr80-0300985815612154","volume-title":"Gorillas in the Mist","author":"Fossey D","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr81-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20930"},{"key":"bibr82-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2009.00575.x"},{"key":"bibr83-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12086"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr84-0300985815612154","first-page":"410","volume":"122","author":"Gamble CN","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bibr85-0300985815612154","first-page":"565","author":"Gamble KC","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr86-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587801500510"},{"key":"bibr87-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9382"},{"key":"bibr88-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(97)00012-2"},{"key":"bibr89-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(96)00164-9"},{"key":"bibr90-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-5-200009050-00007"},{"key":"bibr91-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.944152"},{"key":"bibr92-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711427175"},{"key":"bibr93-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9633"},{"key":"bibr94-0300985815612154","author":"Glissen EP","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"bibr95-0300985815612154","volume-title":"Chimpanzees of Gombe","author":"Goodall J","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr96-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22391"},{"key":"bibr97-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(81)90007-4"},{"key":"bibr98-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587701400410"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr99-0300985815612154","first-page":"948","volume":"26","author":"Graham CE","year":"1976","journal-title":"Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr100-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2008.00370.x"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr101-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1981.179.11.1306","volume":"179","author":"Gray R","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr102-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2361(2000)19:3<193::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"bibr103-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0652-7"},{"key":"bibr104-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.02.002"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr105-0300985815612154","first-page":"230","volume":"64","author":"Gumber S","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr106-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-002-0030-8","volume":"44","author":"Gunji H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"bibr107-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0176R.1"},{"key":"bibr108-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200105000-00013"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr109-0300985815612154","first-page":"543","volume":"62","author":"Hanley PW","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr110-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/293055a0"},{"key":"bibr111-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0476-6"},{"key":"bibr112-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05527.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr113-0300985815612154","first-page":"1037","volume":"14","author":"Heagerty AM","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"bibr114-0300985815612154","first-page":"271","volume-title":"American Journal of Primatology","volume":"71","author":"Herndon JG","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr115-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-011-9351-0"},{"key":"bibr116-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990712)409:4<567::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-J"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr117-0300985815612154","first-page":"1","volume":"60","author":"Heron M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"bibr118-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2001.0469"},{"key":"bibr119-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.06.009"},{"key":"bibr120-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0684.2001.d01-58.x"},{"key":"bibr121-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089875641002700104"},{"key":"bibr122-0300985815612154","first-page":"168","author":"Huntress SL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr123-0300985815612154","first-page":"2300","volume":"31","author":"Hyrich KL","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr124-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0305.1"},{"key":"bibr125-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000335238"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr126-0300985815612154","first-page":"870","volume":"10","author":"Jayashankar L","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr127-0300985815612154","first-page":"322","volume":"62","author":"Jean SM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr128-0300985815612154","first-page":"200","volume":"64","author":"Jones AC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr129-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000460158"},{"key":"bibr130-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0413"},{"key":"bibr131-0300985815612154","author":"Kambale ES","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr132-0300985815612154","first-page":"561","volume":"25","author":"Kenny DE","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr133-0300985815612154","first-page":"307","volume":"41","author":"Khullar M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Indian Heart J"},{"key":"bibr134-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330800210"},{"key":"bibr135-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.50.77"},{"key":"bibr136-0300985815612154","volume-title":"From Birth to Bones: Skeletal Evidence for Health, Disease, and Injury in the Gombe Chimpanzees","author":"Kirchhoff CA","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr137-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.03.027"},{"key":"bibr138-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.068494"},{"key":"bibr139-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.036"},{"key":"bibr140-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3013"},{"key":"bibr141-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.11.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr142-0300985815612154","first-page":"389","volume":"58","author":"Lammey ML","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr143-0300985815612154","first-page":"374","volume":"50","author":"Lammey ML","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr144-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2007.00260.x"},{"key":"bibr145-0300985815612154","author":"Lane RK","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"bibr146-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501103120212"},{"key":"bibr147-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2012.00562.x"},{"key":"bibr148-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.21115"},{"key":"bibr149-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200403000-00007"},{"key":"bibr150-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/03-121.1"},{"key":"bibr151-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140634"},{"key":"bibr152-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.12.009"},{"key":"bibr153-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330810309"},{"key":"bibr154-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4918-4_53"},{"key":"bibr155-0300985815612154","first-page":"40","author":"Lowenstine LJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr156-0300985815612154","first-page":"674","volume-title":"Fowler\u2019s Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: Current Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lowenstine LJ","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr157-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000551"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr158-0300985815612154","first-page":"475","volume":"52","author":"Magden ER","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr159-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/cpr.14.46"},{"key":"bibr160-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20124"},{"key":"bibr161-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2111"},{"key":"bibr162-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.01.087"},{"key":"bibr163-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31825692ce"},{"key":"bibr164-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2009.00360.x"},{"key":"bibr165-0300985815612154","first-page":"103","volume-title":"The Chimpanzee","volume":"4","author":"McClure HM","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr166-0300985815612154","author":"McManamon R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Vet Dental Forum"},{"key":"bibr167-0300985815612154","first-page":"185","author":"McManamon R","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr168-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00053-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr169-0300985815612154","first-page":"165","volume":"50","author":"McTighe MS","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab An Sci"},{"key":"bibr170-0300985815612154","first-page":"216","author":"Meehan TP","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr171-0300985815612154","first-page":"262","volume":"30","author":"Miller CL","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"bibr172-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000364933"},{"key":"bibr173-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.12.003"},{"key":"bibr174-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00733.x"},{"key":"bibr175-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000061458"},{"key":"bibr176-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-101"},{"key":"bibr177-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.74.5.964"},{"key":"bibr178-0300985815612154","volume-title":"Pathological Lesions in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Free-ranging Mountain Gorilla","author":"Muhangi D","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr179-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.10.004"},{"key":"bibr180-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0139.1"},{"key":"bibr181-0300985815612154","first-page":"149","author":"Mylniczenko ND","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet \/ Assoc Reptile Amphib Vet Joint Conf"},{"key":"bibr182-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.130675"},{"key":"bibr183-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0539:MORAIA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr184-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000061456"},{"key":"bibr185-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12114"},{"key":"bibr186-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61005-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr187-0300985815612154","first-page":"18","volume":"59","author":"Novak MA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr188-0300985815612154","first-page":"131","volume":"62","author":"Nunamaker EA","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr189-0300985815612154","first-page":"200","author":"Nutter FB","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Wildl Dis Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr190-0300985815612154","first-page":"415","volume":"75","author":"Ohgaki H","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gan"},{"key":"bibr191-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2011.00533.x"},{"key":"bibr192-0300985815612154","first-page":"516","author":"Ott-Joslin J","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr193-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23428"},{"key":"bibr194-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12940"},{"key":"bibr195-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2014.0209"},{"key":"bibr196-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001031107"},{"key":"bibr197-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2003.00048.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr198-0300985815612154","first-page":"101","volume":"5","author":"Poulose N","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"bibr199-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2342-y"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr200-0300985815612154","first-page":"132","volume":"26","author":"Raphael BL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr201-0300985815612154","first-page":"110","volume":"6","author":"Razak PA","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Oral Health"},{"key":"bibr202-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03295.2003"},{"key":"bibr203-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511661631"},{"key":"bibr204-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588402100608"},{"key":"bibr205-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000314656"},{"key":"bibr206-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21744"},{"key":"bibr207-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(83)90087-4"},{"key":"bibr208-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00020-2"},{"key":"bibr209-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0421-0"},{"key":"bibr210-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-996-0036-0"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr211-0300985815612154","first-page":"283","volume":"21","author":"Rothschild BM","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"bibr212-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20139"},{"key":"bibr213-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20140"},{"key":"bibr214-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.1996.tb00037.x"},{"key":"bibr215-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(92)90024-8"},{"key":"bibr216-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(89)90048-6"},{"key":"bibr217-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-014-1527-x"},{"key":"bibr218-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.11.009"},{"key":"bibr219-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100502"},{"key":"bibr220-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-014-0461-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr221-0300985815612154","first-page":"43","volume":"26","author":"Schulman FY","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"bibr222-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.24.6.761"},{"key":"bibr223-0300985815612154","first-page":"478","author":"Scott RAW","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr224-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100694"},{"key":"bibr225-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2008.00307.x"},{"key":"bibr226-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.005"},{"key":"bibr227-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11682"},{"key":"bibr228-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2009.08.006"},{"key":"bibr229-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13327-6"},{"key":"bibr230-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13327-3"},{"key":"bibr231-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13327-4"},{"key":"bibr232-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016709108"},{"key":"bibr233-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000137705"},{"key":"bibr234-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.8.956"},{"key":"bibr235-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20715"},{"key":"bibr236-0300985815612154","first-page":"1052","volume-title":"Pathology of Laboratory Animals","author":"Squire RA","year":"1987"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr237-0300985815612154","first-page":"4756","volume":"46","author":"Srivastava BI","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr238-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0690(02)00022-8"},{"key":"bibr239-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68340-1"},{"key":"bibr240-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2011.00953.x"},{"key":"bibr241-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.2725"},{"key":"bibr242-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0684.2010.00414.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr243-0300985815612154","first-page":"454","volume":"20","author":"Stoller NH","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"bibr244-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980305"},{"key":"bibr245-0300985815612154","first-page":"71","author":"Suedmeyer K","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr246-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330790210"},{"key":"bibr247-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03617"},{"key":"bibr248-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1091"},{"key":"bibr249-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800408323452"},{"key":"bibr250-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22538"},{"key":"bibr251-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000061467"},{"key":"bibr252-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/470589"},{"key":"bibr253-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2010-0237.1"},{"key":"bibr254-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.08.014"},{"key":"bibr255-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010050570"},{"key":"bibr256-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587501200105"},{"key":"bibr257-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300155"},{"key":"bibr258-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.5.3334"},{"key":"bibr259-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2013.1340018"},{"key":"bibr260-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-4571.2008.00064.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr261-0300985815612154","first-page":"291","volume":"56","author":"Videan EN","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"bibr262-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000137688"},{"key":"bibr263-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20122"},{"key":"bibr264-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20494"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr265-0300985815612154","first-page":"287","volume":"59","author":"Videan EN","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr266-0300985815612154","first-page":"263","volume":"50","author":"Videan EN","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"bibr267-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20947"},{"key":"bibr268-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112236"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr269-0300985815612154","first-page":"27","volume":"5","author":"Vliegen HW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Cardiovasc Pathol"},{"key":"bibr270-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.1040"},{"key":"bibr271-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.12.031"},{"key":"bibr272-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.068536"},{"key":"bibr273-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.261388"},{"key":"bibr274-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2012.09.004"},{"key":"bibr275-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150915358"},{"key":"bibr276-0300985815612154","first-page":"71","author":"Weisenberg E","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Amer Assoc Zoo Vet"},{"key":"bibr277-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0543"},{"key":"bibr278-0300985815612154","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Medical Management of the Orangutan","author":"Wells SK","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr279-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2006.12.011"},{"key":"bibr280-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20704"},{"key":"bibr281-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.08.006"},{"key":"bibr282-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000112075.03500.5B"},{"key":"bibr283-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-015-0001-1"},{"key":"bibr284-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-014-9917-9"},{"key":"bibr285-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985809359598"},{"key":"bibr286-0300985815612154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.03.001"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815612154","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0300985815612154","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815612154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:56:22Z","timestamp":1777661782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0300985815612154"}},"subtitle":["Bonobos, Chimpanzees, Gorillas, and Orangutans"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]},"references-count":286,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0300985815612154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985815612154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]]}}}