{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:27:06Z","timestamp":1793467626306,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]],"date-time":"2016-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468195200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Determining the cause of death in animals recovered from bodies of water, swimming pools, or other water-containing vessels is challenging. Animals recovered from water may or may not have drowned. The diagnosis of drowning is usually one of exclusion, requiring information from the crime scene, recovery scene, the medical history or reliable witness accounts. While there are characteristic macroscopic and microscopic lesions of drowning, none are specific and are dependent on the volume and tonicity of the drowning medium. Beyond interpreting the postmortem findings, the court may ask pathologists to comment on the behavioral and welfare implications of drowning. This requires an understanding of the drowning process, which is a complex series of sequential, concurrent, and overlapping cardiorespiratory reflexes, electrolyte and blood gas abnormalities, aspiration, physical exhaustion, and breathlessness eventually culminating in death. This review addresses the mechanisms, lesions, and diagnostic issues associated with drowning in nonaquatic companion animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815625757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,29]],"date-time":"2016-02-29T23:04:14Z","timestamp":1456787054000},"page":"1049-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Veterinary Forensic Pathology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"B. J.","family":"McEwen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Gerdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antech Diagnostics, Hunt Valley, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(88)80058-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr2-0300985815625757","first-page":"226","volume":"39","author":"Banting FG","year":"1938","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr3-0300985815625757","unstructured":"Bard S. Experimental inquiry into the proximate cause of death from suspended respiration in drowning and hanging with the means of resuscitation. 1814. Available at: http:\/\/collections.nlm.nih.gov\/ext\/mhl\/2558041R\/PDF\/2558041R.pdf."},{"key":"bibr4-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2014.940410"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr5-0300985815625757","first-page":"853","volume":"83","author":"Beeck EF Van","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Heal Organ"},{"key":"bibr6-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12037"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr7-0300985815625757","first-page":"25","volume":"22","author":"Beynon J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Torture"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-0300985815625757","first-page":"85","volume":"26","author":"Bhardwaj W","year":"1982","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr9-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197001000-00012"},{"key":"bibr10-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01882448"},{"key":"bibr11-0300985815625757","first-page":"427","volume-title":"La pendaison, la strangulation, la suffocation, la submersion","author":"Brouardel PCH","year":"1897"},{"key":"bibr12-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2010.482107"},{"key":"bibr13-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9563-6"},{"key":"bibr14-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9564-5"},{"key":"bibr15-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.01.003"},{"key":"bibr16-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01735.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199512000-00012"},{"key":"bibr18-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14553"},{"key":"bibr19-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01201.2005"},{"key":"bibr20-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20659-7"},{"key":"bibr21-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196709000-00019"},{"key":"bibr22-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735714"},{"key":"bibr23-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-014-9616-z"},{"key":"bibr24-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1967.02090270068005"},{"key":"bibr25-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.09.007"},{"key":"bibr26-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(82)90200-1"},{"key":"bibr27-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198203000-00065"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr28-0300985815625757","first-page":"340","volume":"30","author":"Goldkamp CE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"bibr29-0300985815625757","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Haldane S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stand Care Emerg Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr30-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.2.244"},{"key":"bibr31-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1988.192.03.377","volume":"192","author":"Humber KA","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr32-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099581.70012.68"},{"key":"bibr33-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2217.2008"},{"key":"bibr34-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.03.025"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr35-0300985815625757","first-page":"176","volume":"109","author":"Karch SB","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"bibr36-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(86)90240-8"},{"key":"bibr37-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(85)90065-7"},{"key":"bibr38-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(91)90099-5"},{"key":"bibr39-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196705000-00003"},{"key":"bibr40-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181a4c3b8"},{"key":"bibr41-0300985815625757","volume-title":"AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition","author":"Leary S","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr42-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.08.023"},{"key":"bibr43-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0023677021911731"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr44-0300985815625757","first-page":"423","volume":"40","author":"Lougheed DW","year":"1939","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr45-0300985815625757","first-page":"666","volume":"27","author":"Ludders JW","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"bibr46-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59259-910-3_1"},{"key":"bibr47-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000146240.92905.7e"},{"key":"bibr48-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200212000-00015"},{"key":"bibr49-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00126.2008"},{"key":"bibr50-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118704738.ch9"},{"key":"bibr51-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.29.020178.000245"},{"key":"bibr52-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14580J"},{"key":"bibr53-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196601000-00007"},{"key":"bibr54-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196601000-00007"},{"key":"bibr55-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196609000-00018"},{"key":"bibr56-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-67-1-68"},{"key":"bibr57-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1944.24.1.70"},{"key":"bibr58-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02041.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0300985815625757","volume-title":"Animal Abuse and Unlawful Killing: Forensic Veterinary Pathology","author":"Munro R","year":"2008","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr60-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2012.10.001"},{"key":"bibr61-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2005.08.001"},{"key":"bibr62-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00174.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr63-0300985815625757","first-page":"506","volume":"23","author":"Oncken A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compendium"},{"key":"bibr64-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70331-X"},{"key":"bibr65-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002580248002000406"},{"key":"bibr66-0300985815625757","volume-title":"World Report on Child Injury Prevention","author":"Peden M","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr67-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.10.027"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr68-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14111J","volume":"42","author":"Pollanen M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"bibr69-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14112J"},{"key":"bibr70-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(97)00162-X"},{"key":"bibr71-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-058-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr72-0300985815625757","first-page":"197","volume":"24","author":"Rai UC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr73-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040510012004"},{"key":"bibr74-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13642"},{"key":"bibr75-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01459.x"},{"key":"bibr76-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.229864"},{"key":"bibr77-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-138-3"},{"key":"bibr78-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814522820"},{"key":"bibr79-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.453"},{"key":"bibr80-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.11.006"},{"key":"bibr81-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(96)01929-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr82-0300985815625757","first-page":"423","volume":"5","author":"Swann HG","year":"1947","journal-title":"Texas Reports Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr83-0300985815625757","first-page":"356","volume":"9","author":"Swann HG","year":"1951","journal-title":"Texas Reports Biol Med"},{"key":"bibr84-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1013317"},{"key":"bibr85-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(85)80279-1"},{"key":"bibr86-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.1999.tb00135.x"},{"key":"bibr87-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9747-4"},{"key":"bibr88-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11825J"},{"key":"bibr89-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11612J"},{"key":"bibr90-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7145.1000181"},{"key":"bibr91-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.08.020"},{"key":"bibr92-0300985815625757","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9620-1"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815625757","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0300985815625757","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0300985815625757","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:56:37Z","timestamp":1777661797000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0300985815625757"}},"subtitle":["Drowning and Bodies Recovered From Water"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0300985815625757"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300985815625757","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,11]]}}}