{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:30:25Z","timestamp":1777919425491,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Schubot Avian Health Center"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at Texas A&M University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Proventricular dilatation disease is a lethal disease of psittacine birds. In this study, we characterized the local cellular immune response in the brain, proventriculus, and small intestine of 27 cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus) experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2 (PaBV-2). Perivascular cuffs in the brain were composed of CD3+ T-lymphocytes and Iba1+ macrophages\/microglia in most cockatiels (n = 26). In the ganglia of the proventriculus, CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 17) and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 13) prevailed. The ganglia of the small intestine had a more homogeneous distribution of these leukocytes, including PAX5+ B-lymphocytes (n = 9), CD3+ T-lymphocytes (n = 8), and Iba1+ macrophages (n = 8). Our results indicate that perivascular cuffs in the brain and the inflammatory infiltrate in the proventriculus of PaBV-2-infected cockatiels is predominately composed of T-lymphocytes, while the inflammatory infiltrates in the ganglia of the small intestine are characterized by a mixed infiltrate composed of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858211069166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T05:56:55Z","timestamp":1641621415000},"page":"493-497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immunophenotype of the inflammatory response in the central and enteric nervous systems of cockatiels (\n                    <i>Nymphicus hollandicus<\/i>\n                    ) experimentally infected with parrot bornavirus 2"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8688-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeann","family":"Leal de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Areia, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel R.","family":"Rech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Rodrigues-Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2261-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula R.","family":"Giaretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 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