{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:22:29Z","timestamp":1790162549726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Fund for Cancer in Dogs, Oslo, Norway."},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a highly malignant tumor derived from hematopoietic stem cells and commonly occurs in visceral organs or skin. Visceral HSAs are particularly aggressive and progress rapidly despite multimodal treatment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a central role in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis in humans and murine models. In this retrospective study, we investigated the prevalence and phenotype of TAMs in privately owned, treatment-na\u00efve dogs with naturally occurring HSA. We used CD204 as a general macrophage marker and CD206 as a marker for M2-polarized macrophages. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from HSAs in the spleen ( n = 9), heart ( n = 6), and other locations ( n = 12) from 17 dogs were sectioned and immunohistochemically labeled with CD204 and CD206 antibodies. The mean number of log(CD204)- and log(CD206)-positive cells and the ratio of log(CD206\/CD204)-positive cells were compared with normal surrounding tissues and between tumor locations. There were significantly more macrophages and M2 macrophages, and a higher ratio of M2 macrophages to total macrophages in tumor hot spots ( P = .0002, P &lt; .0001, and P = .0002, respectively) and in tumor tissues outside of hot spots ( P = .009, P = .002, and P = .007, respectively) than in normal surrounding tissues. There were no significant differences between tumor locations, but there was a trend toward higher numbers of CD204-positive macrophages within the splenic tumors. There was no association between histological parameters or clinical stage and TAM numbers or phenotype. As in humans, TAMs in dogs with HSA have a predominantly M2-skewed phenotype. Dogs with HSA could serve as excellent models to evaluate new TAM-reprogramming therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231179947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T05:38:48Z","timestamp":1687325928000},"page":"32-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tumor-associated macrophages in canine visceral hemangiosarcoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Kerboeuf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didrik Andreas","family":"Haugeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn Kaia","family":"S\u00f8rling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erling Olaf","family":"Koppang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9445-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Moe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences, \u00c5s, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita 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