{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:31:58Z","timestamp":1777919518361,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dreamworld Wildlife Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydiosis is one of the main causes of the progressive decline of koala populations in eastern Australia. While histologic, immunologic, and molecular studies have provided insights into the basic function of the koala immune system, the in situ immune cell signatures during chlamydial infection of the reproductive tract in koalas have not been investigated. Thirty-two female koalas and 47 males presented to wildlife hospitals with clinical signs suggestive of Chlamydia infection were euthanized with the entire reproductive tract collected for histology; immunohistochemistry (IHC) for T-cell (CD3\u03b5, CD4, and CD8\u03b1), B-cell (CD79b), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR markers; and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) for Chlamydia pecorum. T-cells, B-cells, and HLA-DR-positive cells were observed in both the lower and upper reproductive tracts of male and female koalas with a statistically significant associations between the degree of the inflammatory reaction; the number of CD3, CD4, CD79b, and HLA-DR positive cells; and the PCR load. CD4-positive cells were negatively associated with the severity of the gross lesions. The distribution of immune cells was also variable according to the location within the genital tract in both male and female koalas. These preliminary results represent a step forward towards further exploring mechanisms behind chlamydial infection immunopathogenesis, thus providing valuable information about the immune response and infectious diseases in free-ranging koalas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231225499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T08:08:45Z","timestamp":1705651725000},"page":"621-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immunohistochemical characterization of the immune cell response during chlamydial infection in the male and female koala (\n                    <i>Phascolarctos cinereus<\/i>\n                    ) reproductive tract"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1415-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pagliarani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen D.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth W.","family":"Beagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03357.x"},{"key":"bibr2-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02113.x"},{"key":"bibr3-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.113.5.1607"},{"key":"bibr4-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.4.774-780.1990"},{"key":"bibr5-03009858231225499","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Bartolini E","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesiscles"},{"key":"bibr6-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652400"},{"key":"bibr7-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz146"},{"key":"bibr8-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz229"},{"key":"bibr9-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.3.1435"},{"key":"bibr10-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.5.1784-1789.1995"},{"key":"bibr11-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(00)00009-4"},{"key":"bibr12-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.3"},{"key":"bibr13-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00776.x"},{"key":"bibr14-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079136"},{"key":"bibr15-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45598-0"},{"key":"bibr16-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00622-10"},{"key":"bibr17-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00639.x"},{"key":"bibr18-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101756108"},{"key":"bibr19-03009858231225499","first-page":"2441","volume-title":"J Immunol","volume":"189","author":"Gondek DC","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr20-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53970-0"},{"key":"bibr21-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-013-9801-1"},{"key":"bibr22-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(97)80003-5"},{"key":"bibr23-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1995.49"},{"key":"bibr24-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.5.632-639.2005"},{"key":"bibr25-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718770490"},{"key":"bibr26-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.4.1346-1351.1991"},{"key":"bibr27-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090190042012"},{"key":"bibr28-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00491-09"},{"key":"bibr29-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002596"},{"key":"bibr30-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO12013"},{"key":"bibr31-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01378-15"},{"key":"bibr32-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00614-17"},{"key":"bibr33-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.11.050"},{"key":"bibr34-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156094"},{"key":"bibr35-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.050"},{"key":"bibr36-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.6.1437"},{"key":"bibr37-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.125"},{"key":"bibr38-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.443"},{"key":"bibr39-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2014.30"},{"key":"bibr40-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-012-0658-5"},{"key":"bibr41-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab496"},{"key":"bibr42-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.01.017"},{"key":"bibr43-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu839"},{"key":"bibr44-03009858231225499","unstructured":"Mangar C. Characterization of Lymphocytes and Cytokines in Healthy and Diseases Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) Using Cell-Type-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies [PhD thesis]. Queensland University of Technology; 2018. https:\/\/eprints.qut.edu.au\/123896\/"},{"key":"bibr45-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2016.02.018"},{"key":"bibr46-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.06.019"},{"key":"bibr47-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.05.015"},{"key":"bibr48-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011000369"},{"key":"bibr49-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119380924.ch1"},{"key":"bibr50-03009858231225499","first-page":"671","volume":"49","author":"Mittal A","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"bibr51-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.12.4661-4668.1995"},{"key":"bibr52-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.11.7536"},{"key":"bibr53-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2870-2879.2000"},{"key":"bibr54-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.6979-6987.2000"},{"key":"bibr55-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00517.x"},{"key":"bibr56-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05022-11"},{"key":"bibr57-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(90)90052-7"},{"key":"bibr58-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200112"},{"key":"bibr59-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.92"},{"key":"bibr60-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.5.433"},{"key":"bibr61-03009858231225499","unstructured":"Pagliarani S. Further Insights into the Pathogenesis of Chlamydiosis and Characterisation of Immune Cells in the Reproductive Tract of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) [PhD thesis]. The University of Queensland; 2021. https:\/\/espace.library.uq.edu.au\/view\/UQ:7cae64d"},{"key":"bibr62-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(00)00094-9"},{"key":"bibr63-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818806963"},{"key":"bibr64-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod44.3.491"},{"key":"bibr65-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67208-x"},{"key":"bibr66-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.043133"},{"key":"bibr67-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603866103"},{"key":"bibr68-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00356"},{"key":"bibr69-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.9.3302-3308.1995"},{"key":"bibr70-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096801"},{"key":"bibr71-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00105-13"},{"key":"bibr72-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.74"},{"key":"bibr73-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00827.x"},{"key":"bibr74-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146934"},{"key":"bibr75-03009858231225499","unstructured":"WHO. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). Fact sheets 2016. 2016. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/sexually-transmitted-infections-(stis)"},{"key":"bibr76-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.08.006"},{"key":"bibr77-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00145-19"},{"key":"bibr78-03009858231225499","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw170"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858231225499","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03009858231225499","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858231225499","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:05:01Z","timestamp":1777662301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03009858231225499"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03009858231225499"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03009858231225499","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]}}}