{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:32:50Z","timestamp":1777919570229,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality and the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Sport and Welfare","award":["1400013403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1400013403"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Dutch Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NWA.1160.1S.210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA.1160.1S.210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Usutu virus (USUV) is a zoonotic neurotropic arbovirus related to the West Nile virus that causes mortality in birds and sporadic neurologic human disease. Current research on natural USUV-associated disease lacks data on ocular involvement. This study investigated ocular and periocular tissue involvement in natural USUV infections and associated disease in Eurasian blackbirds (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Turdus merula<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Twenty-two found-dead Eurasian blackbirds were examined. USUV reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detected 12\/22 infected blackbirds. Histology and immunohistochemistry for virus antigen, inflammation (anti-CD3 for T-lymphocytes), and apoptosis (anti-cleaved caspase-3 (CC3)) assessed the virus tropism and associated damage. In the eye of USUV-infected blackbirds, choroiditis was the main finding (9\/12), while the pecten oculi (4\/12) and optic nerves (4\/12) were occasionally affected. Virus antigen was detected in the lesions. The cornea and retina lacked virus antigens and lesions. Periocular soft tissues (12\/12) and eyelids (9\/12) were also affected. Lesions in the choroid (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), ciliary bodies (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .01), and sclera (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05) were significantly associated with USUV infection. In the choroid, CD3 and CC3 strongly correlated with the virus antigen scores (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001), suggesting a T-cell response and apoptosis involvement in the ocular damage. A negative correlation was identified for the virus antigen score in choroid and eyelids with USUV RT-qPCR Ct values (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05). This study reports for USUV features consistent with ocular and periocular tropism and disease with a major involvement of the choroid, suggesting a primary ocular vascular spread.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251324640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T13:16:01Z","timestamp":1742562961000},"page":"773-780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular and periocular Usutu virus-associated lesions in naturally infected Eurasian blackbirds (\n                    <i>Turdus merula<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3544-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4347-4922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfilippo","family":"Agliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4313-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiah M. H. A.","family":"van Eijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwin","family":"de Bruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Disease, Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reina S.","family":"Sikkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bas B.","family":"Oude Munnink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Mandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Gr\u00f6ne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8420-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M. 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