{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:32:49Z","timestamp":1777919569452,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium colinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes ulcerative enteritis in several avian species. The disease is particularly prevalent in quail, and it is therefore colloquially known as quail disease. The pathogenesis of the infection is poorly understood. A retrospective study of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. colinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in quail submitted for necropsy and diagnostic work up to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System between 1992 and 2022 was performed. The necropsy reports were reviewed, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. colinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. colinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was isolated in 17% (4\/24) and detected by PCR in 96% (23\/24) of cases. Bobwhite quail (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Colinus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were overrepresented, and the most affected quail were juveniles. Clinical history and signs were increased mortality (92%), lethargy (29%), depression (25%), diarrhea (21%), loss of nutritional condition (8%), and seizures (8%). Grossly, intestinal ulceration (100%) affecting the duodenum (79%), jejunum (100%), ileum (29%), and\/or ceca (21%). Fibrinous celomitis (13%), hepatic necrosis (46%), and pectoral muscle atrophy (92%) were observed. Histologically, all quail showed multifocal ulcerative jejunitis, duodenitis, ileitis, and\/or typhlitis with intralesional bacilli. Ulcerative enteritis was transmural in 92% of cases, associated with intestinal perforation in 38%, and causing celomitis in 50% of cases. Hepatic necrosis was confirmed in 63% of cases, and neuronal changes suggesting a combination of hypoxia-ischemia and hypoglycemia were found in 63% of cases. These results suggest that a diagnosis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. colinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection should be made based on gross and microscopic lesions, coupled with PCR.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251324641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T08:19:47Z","timestamp":1742372387000},"page":"793-801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathology of\n                    <i>Clostridium colinum<\/i>\n                    infection in quail"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-2713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Rebollada-Merino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jey W.","family":"Koehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00ed","family":"Pumarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliann","family":"Beingesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7744-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A.","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California\u2013Davis, San Bernardino, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409527-4.00022-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450801918662"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/8195-121307-Case"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1589126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1589385"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-35-2-155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1592925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"312","article-title":"Uncommon pathological conditions in chickens and turkeys","volume":"34","author":"Bullis KL","year":"1944","unstructured":"Bullis KL, Van Rockel H. Uncommon pathological conditions in chickens and turkeys. Cornell Vet. 1944;34:312\u2013319.","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3796839"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"645","article-title":"An ulcerative enteritis of racing pigeons","volume":"31","author":"Chalmers GA.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Chalmers GA. An ulcerative enteritis of racing pigeons. Can Vet J. 1990;31(9):645\u2013646.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713483468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/10485-010813-Case.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"295","article-title":"Ulcerative enteritis in pigeons","volume":"15","author":"Glover JS.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Glover JS. Ulcerative enteritis in pigeons. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1951;15:295\u2013297.","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"903","article-title":"Ulcerative enteritis in the chicken (quail disease)","volume":"26","author":"Graubmann HD","year":"1971","unstructured":"Graubmann HD, Grafner G. Ulcerative enteritis in the chicken (quail disease). Occurrence and Pathology. Monatsh Vet. 1971;26:903\u2013907.","journal-title":"Occurrence and Pathology. Monatsh Vet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"An outbreak of ulcerative enteritis amongst bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)","volume":"73","author":"Harris A.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Harris A. An outbreak of ulcerative enteritis amongst bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). 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