{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:33:02Z","timestamp":1777919582900,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Equine penile tumors are common in horses and are often related to infection with equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2). This study investigated the immune cell infiltrate (ICI) of these tumors in horses, focusing on the role of EcPV2. Using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) for CD3, CD20, and IBA-1 and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FoxP3, 27 horses with papillomas (5\/27), in situ carcinomas (CISs) (3\/27), and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (19\/27) were evaluated. Eighteen cases tested positive for EcPV2 by either or both in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (18\/27 by PCR, of which 16 were ISH+). The ICIs were more abundant in EcPV2-positive tumors, although differences were not statistically significant. The number of FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells was significantly higher in EcPV2+ tumors, both in intraepithelial and stromal compartments. There were higher IBA-1+ macrophage densities in SCCs than in papillomas or CISs. p53 IHC was performed, and non-basal positivity was associated with malignancy. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutational analysis with next-generation sequencing revealed that 13\/21 cases had a wild-type\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants were detected in 4\/21 cases. The ICIs did not vary according to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TP53<\/jats:italic>\n                    status. Tumor proliferation was also assessed with Ki67, which indicated progressively higher proliferation from benign to malignant tumors. In conclusion, although the number and distribution of B-cells, T-cells, and macrophages did not vary according to EcPV2 status, FoxP3 regulatory T-cells were observed in significantly higher numbers in EcPV2+ neoplasms, indicating a different immune landscape compared to EcPV2-negative tumors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251341544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T07:15:34Z","timestamp":1748243734000},"page":"902-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune cell analysis in equine penile papilloma, in situ squamous cell carcinoma and invasive squamous cell carcinoma: FoxP3+ T regulatory lymphocytes differ according to equine papillomavirus 2 status"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2206-0384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Bacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ginevra","family":"Martinoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5203-7679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Avallone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Franceschini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Grillini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0609-8817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"De Biase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna, Bologna, 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