{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1787075022167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Unrestricted Grant to UWMadison DOVS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Unrestricted Grant to UWMadison DOVS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009944","name":"American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Vision for Animals Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VAF2020A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VAF2020A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009944","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY016665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY016665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute","award":["Kenzi Valentyn Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Kenzi Valentyn Award"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03152E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03152E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS) have rapid onset visual dysfunction and subsequent outer retinal atrophy. The pathophysiology of SARDS is poorly understood. This study\u2019s objective was to examine the histologic features of choriocapillaris perfusion and Bruch\u2019s membrane morphology in eyes from dogs with SARDS. Archived, paraffin-embedded, sagittal eye sections of dogs with SARDS (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12), age\/breed-matched healthy control dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 24), and age-matched dogs with progressive retinal atrophy (PRA,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12) were evaluated. Choriocapillaris density and patency were estimated using light microscopy and immunofluorescence to quantify patent vessels containing luminal erythrocytes and nonpatent vessels with empty lumens. The outer nuclear layer (ONL) nuclei density was quantified to determine the extent of atrophy. The thickness of Bruch\u2019s membrane was measured from transmission electron microscopy images (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5 SARDS, 5 PRA, 6 controls). Statistical analyses were performed using 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Spearman rank correlation. Both SARDS and PRA samples had lower patent vessel densities compared with controls (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .006 and .04, respectively). ONL nuclei density and choriocapillaris vessel density were associated in samples from dogs with PRA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.94\u20131.00,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .05), but not SARDS (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.14\u20130.66,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; .05). Eyes with SARDS had thicker Bruch\u2019s membrane than controls and dogs with PRA (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001). Outer retinal disorders in dogs, including SARDS and PRA, are associated with alterations in choriocapillaris characteristics and Bruch\u2019s membrane thickness. Whether these findings are causative or correlative with disease is unknown.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251367410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T05:22:16Z","timestamp":1759728136000},"page":"265-274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Histopathologic and ultrastructural features of the choriocapillaris in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome and progressive retinal atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2678-4087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Heyward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R.","family":"Dubielzig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro B. C.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8726-8768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freya M.","family":"Mowat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Sudden acquired retinal degeneration in the dog: clinical and morphologic characterization of the \u201csilent retina\u201d syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Acland GM","year":"1984","unstructured":"Acland GM, Irby NL, Aguirre GD, et al. Sudden acquired retinal degeneration in the dog: clinical and morphologic characterization of the \u201csilent retina\u201d syndrome. Trans Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol. 1984;15:86\u2013104.","journal-title":"Trans Am Coll Vet Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12504"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17204-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-019-01999-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vision5010003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0450207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.101604"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-0737-9.00020-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"746","volume-title":"Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"2013","unstructured":"Evans HE, de Lahunta A, Miller ME. The eye. In: Miller\u2019s Anatomy of the Dog. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2013:746\u2013786.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.100803"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-019-1171-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12853"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72109-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20181002-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"124","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Hendrix DVH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hendrix DVH, Thomasy SM, Gum GG. Physiology of the eye. In: KN G, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021:124\u2013167."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9929864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1195","article-title":"Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in western Canada: 93 cases","volume":"58","author":"Leis ML","year":"2017","unstructured":"Leis ML, Lucyshyn D, Bauer BS, et al. Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome in western Canada: 93 cases. Can Vet J. 2017;58:1195\u20131199.","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.2.184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04284-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.02.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120919337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688709025231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12973"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05223-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.130.8.157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-01765-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","first-page":"1477","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Petersen-Jones SM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petersen-Jones SM, Mowat FM. Diseases of the canine ocular fundus. In: Gelatt KN, ed. Veterinary Ophthalmology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021:1477\u20131574."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Rasband WS. ImageJ. U. S. National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA 1997-2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists","volume":"21","author":"Riis RC.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riis RC. EM observations of a SARD case (abstract). Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists. 1990;21:112\u2013113."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-05714-1.00010-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S220845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.27933"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","volume-title":"Cancer Associated Retinopathy","author":"Singh D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh D, Tripathy K. Cancer Associated Retinopathy. Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls Publishing LLC; 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.675876"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12855"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01265-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24425\/pjvs.2024.149356"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251367410","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03009858251367410","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251367410","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:06:54Z","timestamp":1777662414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03009858251367410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03009858251367410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03009858251367410","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]}}}