{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:52:54Z","timestamp":1793127174391,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021039","name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Hepatic hemosiderosis has not been systematically studied in African green monkeys (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlorocebus sabaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). We aimed to determine the prevalence of histologic hepatic hemosiderosis in this species, demographic predictors of its presence and severity, and the quantitative relationship between histological grade and hepatic iron concentration. We evaluated liver samples of 155 African green monkeys from a research colony in St. Kitts (24 juveniles, 89 adults, 42 geriatrics) using histology (hematoxylin and eosin, Perls Prussian blue) to semiquantitatively grade (0\u20134) hemosiderin deposits. Quantitative hepatic iron was measured via coupled plasma mass spectrometry in 146 samples. Overall, 63.9% (99\/155;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001 vs 50%) exhibited histological hemosiderin deposits. The grade distribution was 52 (33.5%) grade 0, 29 (18.7%) grade 1, 23 (14.8%) grade 2, 25 (16.1%) grade 3, and 26 (16.8%) grade 4. Wild-caught origin was protective (odds ratio (OR) = 0.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04\u20130.29,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), while geriatric age was associated with iron accumulation (OR = 8.92, 95% CI = 2.06\u201310.61,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .003). Ordinal regression confirmed lower odds of higher grades in wild-caught (OR = 0.095, 95% CI = 0.047\u20130.193,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001) and higher odds of higher grades in adult monkeys (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.43\u201312.35,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .009). Trend tests (z = 9.81,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001) and Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 = 0.82 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .0001) confirmed a strong association between pathology and iron burden. Recommended iron requirements may be excessive for certain life stages in this species. Colony-born and younger animals are at highest risk, while adult males show protection. Histological grading correlates strongly with quantitative iron measures, validating its use as a semiquantitative surrogate.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251391385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1764308893000},"page":"345-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hemosiderosis in St. Kitts African green monkeys (\n                    <i>Chlorocebus sabaeus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Samantha","family":"Zayas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Buchweitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Beierschmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"},{"name":"St. Kitts Behavioural Science Foundation, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta M.","family":"Palmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Kitts Behavioural Science Foundation, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"},{"name":"McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalen","family":"Agnew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick O.","family":"Pithua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2903-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pompei","family":"Bolfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/physio.62.3.276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199912233412607"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"133","article-title":"Hemochromatosis: discovery of the HFE gene","volume":"109","author":"Bacon BR.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bacon BR. 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